Definition:
In LSD use disorder, Lysergic acid diethylamide, first synthesised by Albert Hoffman in 1938 also popularly known as ‘acid’, additionally it is a powerful hallucinogen.
Overview
Acute Intoxication
Withdrawal Syndrome
Epidemiology xxx
Causes
Types xxx
Risk Factors xxx
Pathogenesis xxx
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features xxx
Sign & Symptoms xxx
Clinical Examination xxx
Diagnosis xxx
Differential Diagnosis xxx
Complications
Investigations xxx
Treatment
Prevention xxx
Homeopathic Treatment xxx
Diet & Regimen xxx
Do’s and Dont’s xxx
Terminology xxx
References
FAQ
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Overview
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide:
Lysergic acid diethylamide, first synthesised by Albert Hoffman in 1938 also popularly known as ‘ acid’, is a powerful hallucinogen.
Basically, It related to the psychedelic compounds found in the ‘morning glory’ seeds, the lysergic acid amides. Additionally, as little as 100 μg of LSD is sufficient to produce behavioral effects in man. In detail, LSD presumably produces its effects by an action on the 5-HT levels in brain.
Although tolerance as well as psychological dependence can occur with LSD use, no physical dependence or withdrawal syndrome is reported. Besides this, A common pattern of LSD use is a trip (occasionally use followed by a long period of abstinence).
Acute Intoxication
Perceptual changes
The characteristic features of acute LSD intoxication are perceptual changes occurring in a clear consciousness. Moreover, these perceptual changes include depersonalisation, derealisation, intensification of perceptions, synaesthesiac (for example, colours are heard, and sounds are felt), illusions, and hallucinations.
Autonomic hyperactivity
In addition, features suggestive of autonomic hyperactivity, such as pupillary dilatation, tachycardia, sweating, tremors, incoordination, palpitations, raised temperature, piloerection also giddiness, can also be present. These changes are usually associated with marked anxiety and/or depression, though euphoria is more common in small doses. All in all, Persecutory and referential ideation may also occur.
Acute panic reaction
In brief, sometimes acute LSD intoxication presents with an acute panic reaction, known as a bad trip, in which the individual experiences a loss of control over himself. The recovery usually occurs within 8-12 hours of the last dose. Rarely, the intoxication is severe enough to produce an acute psychotic episode especially resembling a schizophreniform psychosis.
Withdrawal Syndrome
No withdrawal syndrome has described with LSD use. However, sometimes, there is a spontaneous recurrence of the LSD use experience in a drug free state.
In detail, described as a flashback, it usually occurs weeks to months after the last experience. Furthermore, such episodes are often induce by stress, fatigue, alcohol intake, severe physical illness or marijuana intoxication.
Epidemiology xxx
Indian epidemiology then other
Causes
This refers to the initiating factors that trigger a disease process.
- Examples of causes include:
- Pathogens: Viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites (infectious diseases)
- Genetic mutations: Inherited or spontaneous changes in genes (genetic diseases)
- Environmental factors: Toxins, radiation, nutritional deficiencies
- Lifestyle choices: Smoking, unhealthy diet, lack of exercise (contributing factors)
Types xxx
AAA
Risk Factors xxx
Risk factors are things that make you more likely to develop a disease in the first place.
Pathogenesis xxx
Pathogenesis refers to the development of a disease. It’s the story of how a disease gets started and progresses.
This is the entire journey of a disease, encompassing the cause but going beyond it.
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology, on the other hand, focuses on the functional changes that occur in the body due to the disease. It explains how the disease disrupts normal physiological processes and how this disruption leads to the signs and symptoms we see.
Imagine a car accident. Pathogenesis would be like understanding how the accident happened – what caused it, the sequence of events (e.g., one car ran a red light, then hit another car). Pathophysiology would be like understanding the damage caused by the accident – the bent fenders, deployed airbags, and any injuries to the passengers.
In simpler terms, pathogenesis is about the "why" of a disease, while pathophysiology is about the "how" of the disease’s effects.
Clinical Features xxx
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Sign & Symptoms xxx
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Clinical Examination xxx
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Diagnosis xxx
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Differential Diagnosis xxx
Complications
Long-term LSD use is not a common phenomenon. Additionally, the complications of chronic LSD use include psychiatric symptoms (anxiety, depression, psychosis or visual hallucinosis) also occasionally foetal abnormalities.
Investigations xxx
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Treatment
The treatment of acute LSD intoxication consists of symptomatic management with antianxiety, antidepressant or antipsychotic medication, along with supportive psychotherapy.
Prevention xxx
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Homeopathic Treatment xxx
Diet & Regimen xxx
Do’s and Dont’s xxx
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Terminology xxx
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References
A Short Textbook of Psychiatry by Niraj Ahuja / Ch 4.
FAQ
Frequently Asked Questions
What is LSD Use Disorder?
In LSD use disorder, Lysergic acid diethylamide, first synthesised by Albert Hoffman in 1938 also popularly known as ‘acid’, is a powerful hallucinogen.
What is Acute Intoxication of LSD Use Disorder?
- Depersonalisation
- Derealisation
- Intensification of perceptions
- Synaesthesiac
- Illusions
- Hallucinations
- Pupillary dilatation
- Tachycardia
- Sweating
- Tremors
- Incoordination
- Palpitations
- Raised temperature
What are the complications of LSD Use Disorder?
- Anxiety
- Depression
- Psychosis
- Visual hallucinosis
- Foetal abnormalities
Name of the treatment of LSD Use Disorder?
- Antianxiety
- Antidepressant
- Antipsychotic medication
- Supportive psychotherapy
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