Suicide prevention
Definition:
Suicide is the act of intentionally causing one’s own death.
It is the act ofintentionally taking one’s own life. It is a serious public health issue with devastating consequences for individuals, families, and communities.
Some synonyms for suicide include:
- Self-destruction: This term emphasizes the destructive nature of suicide and the loss of potential that it represents.
- Self-inflicted death: This term is more neutral and focuses on the fact that the death was caused by the individual themselves.
- Self-harm resulting in death: This term acknowledges that suicide is often preceded by a history of self-harm.
- Completed suicide: This term is used by researchers and clinicians to distinguish suicide from suicide attempts.
It is important to remember that suicide is preventable. If you or someone you know is struggling with suicidal thoughts, please seek professional help. There are many resources available to help, including crisis hotlines, therapy, and medication
Overview
Epidemiology
Causes
Types
Risk Factors
Pathogenesis
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Sign & Symptoms
Clinical Examination
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Prevention
Homeopathic Treatment
Diet & Regimen
Do’s and Don'ts
Terminology
References
Also Search As
Overview
Overview
- It is common in all cultures in developed also developing country.
- Additionally, It is common among women.
- However there are more suicide thinkers than committers. [2]
Suicide prevention articles generally discuss the complex issue of suicide, focusing on raising awareness, reducing stigma, and providing resources for those struggling or concerned about loved ones.
Key points
These articles often cover the following key points:
- Understanding Suicide: Articles define suicide and explain its prevalence as a global public health concern. They often highlight statistics to underscore the seriousness of the issue and emphasize that suicide is preventable.
- Risk Factors and Warning Signs: Articles identify common risk factors for suicide, such as mental health conditions, substance abuse, and social isolation.
They also describe warning signs that someone may be contemplating suicide, like talking about wanting to die, withdrawing from others, and giving away possessions.
- Prevention Strategies: Articles discuss evidence-based prevention strategies, including:
- Promoting mental health and well-being
- Reducing access to lethal means
- Improving suicide risk screening and assessment
- Providing effective treatment and support
- Raising public awareness and education
- Seeking Help: Articles provide information about how to seek help for oneself or someone else who may be at risk of suicide.
They emphasize the importance of seeking help immediately and offer resources such as crisis hotlines and mental health services.
- Postvention: Some articles also address postvention, the support and care provided to individuals and communities affected by suicide. This can include bereavement counseling, support groups, and community initiatives to promote healing and prevent future suicides.
In India, the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline is a crucial resource for those experiencing a mental health crisis or suicidal thoughts.
Additionally, mental health helplines and organizations such as AASRA and The Live Love Laugh Foundation provide support and resources for suicide prevention.
Remember, if you or someone you know is struggling with suicidal thoughts, help is available. Please reach out to the 988 Suicide and Crisis Lifeline or another mental health professional for immediate support.
Epidemiology
Epidemiology
It is a significant public health concern in India. As per the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data for 2022, India reported 1.71 lakh suicides, a 4.2% increase from 2021 and a 27% jump compared to 2018 (NCRB, 2022). The suicide rate per 100,000 population increased to 12.4 in 2022, the highest recorded for this data (NCRB, 2022).
- High burden: India contributes significantly to global suicide deaths, with its share increasing from 25.3% in 1990 to 36.6% in 2016 among women, and from 18.7% to 24.3% among men (Patel et al., 2019).
- Age groups: The 15-29 age group is particularly vulnerable, along with the old age and persons with Personal need (WHO, 2023). In 2021, 13,089 students died by suicide, an increase from 2020 (NCRB, 2021).
- Gender: While suicide rates are generally higher among men, the rates are comparable for males and females among healthcare professionals in India (MDPI, 2022).
- Regional variations: Suicide rates are higher in southern states compared to northern states (MDPI, 2022).
- Risk factors: Mental health conditions, previous suicide attempts, and socioeconomic factors are major risk factors (WHO, 2023; BMC Psychiatry, 2023).[3]
Causes
Causes
1. Impulsiveness:
- It may be a key factor in suicidal behaviour.
- In detail, An impulsive person may suddenly come to the realization that his suffering could be ended by suicide and he may act on that perception before considering the consequences.
- Lastly, This type of thinking is called as tunnel vision thinking.
2. Dependence:
- Individuals who are dependent on others also who require constant reassurance and attention are more likely to died by suicide.
- Such people are always deprived of support, approval also attention and as termed as dependent, dissatisfied persons.
3. Unrealistic expectations:
- Individuals who have unrealistically high expectations of themselves and others (extreme perfectionist) are frequently disappointed also may be unable to accept the failure.
- Such individuals become depressed also are at increased risk of suicidal behaviour.
4. Other causes:
- Dissolution especially of love relation or other significant loss.
- Change in medical condition (any prolong physical illness)
- Alcoholism / drug intoxication.
- Furthermore, An increased feeling of hopelessness.
- Sudden improvement in depressed mood.
- Dowry also marital discord; never married, divorced, widowed.
- Unemployment.
5. Predisposing factors:
Self hate due to either guilt or low self esteem.
State of extreme agitation in which individual is tense also cannot think clearly.
Constitution of intellectual forces to such extent that individual cannot think beyond the immediate situation. [2]
Types
Types
1. Completed suicide:
- Intention of death.
- Serious attempt to kill own self and succeeds in doing so.
- 65 percent patients having severe depression commits completed suicide.
- Schizophrenics are more prone to commit this type as they have delusions also command hallucinations.
- History of previous attempts is an important factor to note.
- Additionally, 20-25 percent of successful suicides have made previous attempt. [2]
- The method is highly dependent on geographical location; for instance, in the USA shooting is the most common, whereas in the UK (which has very tight firearms laws) drug overdose, suffocation, and hanging are frequently used.
- More so than in younger patients, older people plan their suicide carefully, leaving an explanatory note and their affairs in order. [1]
2. Attempted suicide:
- Patient has serious intentions but somehow survives.
- Sometimes, in spite of complete planning, the patient somehow survives and has a strong guilt of suicidal action and again goes into depression.
3. Parasuicide:
- It is attempted in order to draw attention of others towards some overwhelming problem which patient faces at that time.
- Patient does not want to die, but wants to alter his life situation.
- The attempt is done in front of others dramatically.
- e.g. cutting the wrist, lying in front of railways or any other vehicle, consuming sleeping pills, pouring kerosene, etc.
4. Altruistic suicide:
- This type is less common and is committed for benefit of others.
- In detail, The patient may perceive it as a way to rid someone of the burden of caring for him.
5. Egoistic suicide:
Occurs when patient feels that he has never really been integrated into the society and does not belong to it. [2]
Risk Factors
Some common risk factors
- Age
- Physical illness
- Widowed, either divorced, or separated
- Social isolation
- Loneliness
- Grief
- Threat of moving to a residential home
- Alcohol abuse
- Depression, either past or present
- Recent contact with a psychiatrist
Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis
Understanding the complex process leading to suicide is crucial for prevention and intervention efforts. While a singular "pathogenesis" model doesn’t fully encompass the intricate nature of suicide, key factors and pathways contribute to its development.
- Psychopathology: Mental disorders, particularly mood disorders, are strongly associated with suicide risk. Depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia elevate vulnerability due to factors like hopelessness, impulsivity, and cognitive impairments.
- Neurobiology: Imbalances in neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate, as well as disruptions in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, contribute to suicidal behavior.
- Genetics: Heritability studies suggest a genetic predisposition to suicide, potentially interacting with environmental factors.
- Psychological Factors: Cognitive rigidity, poor problem-solving skills, and negative self-schemas increase the likelihood of suicidal ideation.
- Environmental Factors: Adverse childhood experiences, recent stressors, and social isolation can trigger or exacerbate suicidal thoughts.
- Sociocultural Factors: Societal stigma surrounding mental illness and limited access to mental health care can hinder help-seeking and contribute to suicide risk.
Pathways
- The Interpersonal Theory of Suicide: Posits that thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness lead to the desire for suicide, while acquired capability for suicide (through habituation to pain and fear) enables the act.
- The Three-Step Theory: Suggests that pain and hopelessness lead to suicidal ideation, which, when coupled with decreased connectedness and increased burdensomeness, can progress to suicidal intent and attempts.
- The Integrated Motivational-Volitional Model: Proposes that predisposing and precipitating factors influence the development of suicidal ideation, which, when combined with volitional factors like impulsivity and acquired capability, can lead to suicidal behavior.[4]
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology
It delves into the biological mechanisms and processes that contribute to suicidal behavior. While a comprehensive understanding remains elusive, research has identified several key factors and pathways.
Neurotransmitter Imbalances:
- Serotonin: Reduced serotonin levels in the brain are associated with impulsivity, aggression, and suicidal behavior.
- Dopamine: Dysregulation of the dopamine system may contribute to impaired decision-making and reward processing, increasing suicide risk.
- Glutamate: Excessive glutamate activity can lead to excitotoxicity and neuronal damage, potentially playing a role in suicidal behavior.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis Dysregulation:
- Chronic stress can lead to HPA axis dysfunction, resulting in elevated cortisol levels. This hypercortisolemia is linked to mood disturbances, cognitive impairment, and increased suicide risk.
Neuroinflammation:
- Increased levels of inflammatory markers, such as cytokines, have been observed in individuals with suicidal behavior. Neuroinflammation may disrupt brain function and contribute to suicidal thoughts and actions.
Genetic Factors:
Neuroanatomical Abnormalities:
- Structural and functional changes in brain regions like the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala have been associated with suicidal behavior. These alterations may affect emotional regulation, decision-making, and impulse control.
Pathways
The complex interplay of these pathophysiological factors can create various pathways leading to suicide. Some proposed mechanisms include:
- Impulsivity and Aggression: Imbalances in serotonin and dopamine systems may increase impulsivity and aggression, leading to impulsive suicidal acts.
- Hopelessness and Anhedonia: Chronic stress and HPA axis dysfunction may contribute to feelings of hopelessness and anhedonia (loss of pleasure), increasing suicide risk.
- Cognitive Impairment: Neuroinflammation and neuroanatomical abnormalities may impair cognitive function, leading to poor decision-making and increased vulnerability to suicidal thoughts.[4]
Clinical Features
Clinical Features of Suicide
It is crucial for timely assessment and intervention. These features encompass a range of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive manifestations that can signal an increased risk for suicidal behavior.
Key Clinical Features :
- Suicidal Ideation: Thoughts about ending one’s life, ranging from fleeting thoughts to specific plans.
- Suicidal Intent: The degree of determination to carry out a suicide plan.
- Hopelessness: A pervasive sense that things will never improve, often accompanied by feelings of helplessness and worthlessness.
- Anhedonia: Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed.
- Mood Disturbances: Depression, anxiety, irritability, or agitation.
- Sleep Disturbances: Insomnia or hypersomnia.
- Appetite Changes: Significant weight loss or gain.
- Social Withdrawal: Isolation from friends, family, and social activities.
- Risky Behaviors: Engaging in activities that increase the likelihood of harm or death.
- Giving Away Possessions: Distributing personal belongings or making arrangements as if preparing for death.
- Verbal Cues: Talking about death, dying, or suicide, or expressing feelings of being a burden to others.
Additional Considerations:
- Previous Suicide Attempts: A history of suicide attempts is a significant risk factor for future attempts.
- Psychiatric Disorders: Mental health conditions, such as mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and personality disorders, increase suicide risk.
- Chronic Medical Conditions: Painful or debilitating illnesses can contribute to feelings of hopelessness and increase suicide risk.
- Recent Stressors: Significant life events, such as loss of a loved one, job loss, or relationship problems, can trigger suicidal thoughts.
- Family History of Suicide: A family history of suicide can increase an individual’s vulnerability.[4]
Sign & Symptoms
Signs & Symptoms
It is crucial for timely intervention and prevention. These indicators can manifest across various domains, including behavioral, emotional, and cognitive changes.
Key Signs & Symptoms :
Behavioral Changes:
- Increased substance use or abuse
- Social withdrawal and isolation
- Reckless or impulsive behavior
- Giving away possessions or making final arrangements
- Acquiring means for suicide (e.g., purchasing a gun or stockpiling pills)
- Sudden changes in appearance or hygiene
Emotional Changes:
- Hopelessness or despair
- Intense anxiety or agitation
- Mood swings or irritability
- Expressing feelings of worthlessness or being a burden
- Talking about death or suicide
Cognitive Changes:
- Difficulty concentrating or making decisions
- Preoccupation with death or dying
- Suicidal ideation (thoughts about ending one’s life)
- Suicidal intent (the degree of determination to carry out a plan)
Additional Warning Signs:
- Recent losses or stressors: Death of a loved one, relationship problems, job loss, or financial difficulties
- Previous suicide attempts: A history of suicide attempts is a significant risk factor
- Mental health conditions: Depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, or substance use disorders
- Physical health problems: Chronic pain or terminal illness
- Family history of suicide.[4]
Clinical Examination
Clinical Examination
It involves a thorough evaluation of the patient’s history, mental state, and risk factors to develop an appropriate treatment plan and ensure safety.
Key Components of a Clinical Examination:
Psychiatric History:
- Detailed exploration of past and current mental health conditions, including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders, and psychotic disorders.
- Assessment of previous suicide attempts, self-harm behaviors, and suicidal ideation.
- Family history of mental illness and suicide.
- Medication history, including current and past use of psychotropic medications.
Mental State Examination:
- Evaluation of the patient’s current mental state, including:
- Appearance and behavior
- Mood and affect
- Thought content and process
- Perception
- Cognition
- Insight and judgment
- Evaluation of the patient’s current mental state, including:
Suicide Risk Assessment:
- A systematic evaluation of the patient’s risk factors for suicide, including:
- Suicidal ideation: Presence, intensity, and frequency of suicidal thoughts.
- Suicidal intent: The degree of determination to carry out a suicide plan.
- Suicidal plan: Specificity and lethality of the plan.
- Access to means: Availability of firearms, medications, or other means of suicide.
- Protective factors: Presence of social support, reasons for living, and coping skills.
- A systematic evaluation of the patient’s risk factors for suicide, including:
Physical Examination:
- A general physical examination to rule out any medical conditions that may contribute to suicidal behavior or complicate treatment.
Collateral Information:
- Gathering information from family members, friends, or other healthcare providers to gain a comprehensive understanding of the patient’s situation.[4]
Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Mood Disorders:
- Major Depressive Disorder
- Bipolar Disorder
- Characterized by persistent sadness, loss of interest, changes in appetite and sleep, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, and suicidal thoughts.
Anxiety Disorders:
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- Panic Disorder
- Social Anxiety Disorder
- Involve excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, often accompanied by physical symptoms.
Substance Use Disorders:
- Alcohol Use Disorder
- Opioid Use Disorder
- Involve compulsive substance seeking and use, despite harmful consequences.
Psychotic Disorders:
- Schizophrenia
- Schizoaffective Disorder
- Characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and impaired social functioning.
Personality Disorders:
- Borderline Personality Disorder
- Involves unstable moods, relationships, and self-image, often accompanied by impulsive behaviors and self-harm.
Assessing Suicide Risk:
Suicidal Ideation:
- Presence, intensity, and frequency of thoughts about ending one’s life.
Suicidal Intent:
- The degree of determination to carry out a suicide plan.
Suicidal Plan:
- Specificity and lethality of the plan.
Access to Means:
- Availability of firearms, medications, or other means of suicide.
Protective Factors:
- Presence of social support, reasons for living, and coping skills.
Tools for Assessment:
Differential Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
A differential diagnosis involves considering other conditions that may present with similar symptoms or behaviors, but require different treatment approaches. This helps ensure accurate assessment and appropriate intervention.
Conditions to Consider in the Differential Diagnosis :
Major Depressive Disorder:
- Presents with persistent sadness, loss of interest, changes in appetite and sleep, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, and suicidal thoughts.
- Requires treatment with antidepressants, psychotherapy, and close monitoring for suicide risk.
Bipolar Disorder:
- Involves episodes of both depression and mania, with elevated mood, increased energy, impulsivity, and sometimes psychotic symptoms.
- Requires mood stabilizers and psychotherapy, with careful attention to suicide risk during depressive phases.
Anxiety Disorders:
- Include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, social anxiety disorder, and others.
- Characterized by excessive worry, fear, and apprehension, often accompanied by physical symptoms.
- Treatment may involve anxiolytics, psychotherapy, and relaxation techniques.
Substance Use Disorders:
- Involve compulsive substance seeking and use, despite harmful consequences.
- May lead to impulsive behaviors and increased suicide risk.
- Requires detoxification, rehabilitation, and ongoing support.
Psychotic Disorders:
- Such as schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder.
- Involve hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking, and impaired social functioning.
- Require antipsychotic medications, psychotherapy, and social support.
Personality Disorders:
- Particularly borderline personality disorder.
- Involve unstable moods, relationships, and self-image, often accompanied by impulsive behaviors and self-harm.
- Treatment often focuses on dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and other forms of psychotherapy.
Adjustment Disorders:
- Emotional or behavioral reactions to a stressful life event.
- May involve symptoms of depression, anxiety, or both.
- Treatment may involve psychotherapy and short-term medication management.[5]
Complications
Complications
The devastating impact extends beyond the individual, affecting families, communities, and society as a whole. While the primary complication is death, It also carries a range of other potential consequences.
Complications of Suicide:
Death:
- The most immediate and irreversible consequence of suicide.
- Leads to profound grief and loss for loved ones.
Psychological Impact on Survivors:
- Intense feelings of guilt, shame, anger, and confusion.
- Increased risk of developing mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, and PTSD.
- Difficulty coping with the loss and adjusting to life without the deceased.
Social and Economic Impact:
- Stigma associated with suicide can lead to social isolation and discrimination for survivors.
- Financial burden for families due to funeral costs, lost income, and legal fees.
- Loss of productivity and contribution to society.
Community Impact:
Physical Complications of Suicide Attempts:
- Severe injuries or disabilities resulting from non-fatal attempts.
- Long-term health problems due to complications from the attempt, such as brain damage or organ failure.[4]
Investigations
Investigation of Suicide
Investigating a suspected suicide is a critical process involving meticulous examination of the scene, circumstances, and available evidence to determine the cause and manner of death.
Key Elements of a Suicide Investigation:
Scene Investigation:
- Thorough examination of the location where the death occurred, including:
- Documentation of the body’s position and any objects or substances nearby.
- Collection of physical evidence, such as suicide notes, medications, or weapons.
- Identification of potential witnesses or individuals who may have information about the deceased.
- Thorough examination of the location where the death occurred, including:
Autopsy:
- A medical examination performed by a forensic pathologist to determine the cause and manner of death.
- Includes a detailed external and internal examination of the body, as well as toxicological analysis.
Psychological Autopsy:
- A retrospective investigation of the deceased’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors leading up to their death.
- Involves interviews with family, friends, and healthcare providers to gain insights into the deceased’s mental state and potential risk factors.
Review of Medical and Psychiatric Records:
- Examination of the deceased’s medical and psychiatric history to identify any pre-existing conditions or treatment plans.
- Can provide valuable information about potential risk factors and contributing factors to the suicide.
Interviews with Witnesses and Significant Others:
- Gathering information from individuals who had contact with the deceased before their death.
- Can help establish a timeline of events and identify any changes in behavior or mood.[6]
Treatment
Treatment for Suicide
Effective treatment for individuals at risk of suicide involves a multifaceted approach addressing both the immediate crisis and underlying factors contributing to suicidal ideation and behavior.
Key Treatment Components:
Crisis Intervention:
- Immediate stabilization and safety assessment are crucial for individuals in acute suicidal crisis.
- Hospitalization may be necessary to provide a safe environment and intensive monitoring.
- Crisis hotlines and emergency services can offer immediate support and guidance.
Pharmacotherapy:
- Medication can be effective in managing underlying mental health conditions contributing to suicide risk.
- Antidepressants, mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and anxiolytics may be prescribed depending on the individual’s diagnosis.
- Careful monitoring and adjustment of medication regimens are essential.
Psychotherapy:
- Various forms of psychotherapy can help individuals develop coping skills, manage emotional distress, and address underlying psychological factors contributing to suicidal thoughts and behaviors.
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), and interpersonal therapy (IPT) have shown effectiveness in reducing suicide risk.
Safety Planning:
- Collaboratively developing a safety plan with the individual can help them identify warning signs, coping strategies, and sources of support during times of crisis.
- The plan should include contact information for emergency services and mental health professionals.
Social Support:
- Encouraging social connections and strengthening support networks can play a vital role in suicide prevention.
- Family involvement, peer support groups, and community resources can provide valuable assistance.
Addressing Underlying Factors:
- Identifying and addressing contributing factors such as substance abuse, chronic pain, or social isolation is crucial for long-term suicide prevention.
- Treatment plans should be tailored to the individual’s specific needs and circumstances.[4]
Prevention
Prevention of Suicide
Suicide prevention involves a multifaceted approach aimed at reducing risk factors, increasing protective factors, and promoting access to effective treatment and support.
Key Strategies for Suicide Prevention:
Universal Prevention:
Selective Prevention:
- Targets high-risk groups, such as those with mental health conditions, previous suicide attempts, or a history of self-harm.
- Screening and early intervention for mental health problems.
- Providing support and resources for individuals experiencing life stressors.
- Enhancing coping skills and resilience.
- Targets high-risk groups, such as those with mental health conditions, previous suicide attempts, or a history of self-harm.
Indicated Prevention:
- Focuses on individuals who have already exhibited suicidal thoughts or behaviors.
- Providing access to crisis intervention and mental health services.
- Developing safety plans and ensuring follow-up care.
- Addressing underlying risk factors and promoting protective factors.
- Focuses on individuals who have already exhibited suicidal thoughts or behaviors.
Additional Prevention Strategies:
- Gatekeeper Training: Equipping individuals in various settings (e.g., schools, workplaces, community organizations) to recognize warning signs and connect individuals at risk to appropriate resources.
- Public Awareness Campaigns: Reducing stigma and promoting help-seeking behavior.
- Collaboration: Fostering partnerships between healthcare providers, mental health organizations, schools, and community groups to create a comprehensive support network.
- Research: Continuing to investigate the causes and risk factors of suicide to inform evidence-based prevention strategies.[4]
Homeopathic Treatment
Homoeopathic Treatment for Suicide
Homeopathy treats the person as a whole. It means that homeopathic treatment focuses on the patient as a person, as well as his pathological condition. The homeopathic medicines selected after a full individualizing examination and case-analysis.
which includes
- The medical history of the patient,
- Physical and mental constitution,
- Family history,
- Presenting symptoms,
- Underlying pathology,
- Possible causative factors etc.
A miasmatic tendency (predisposition/susceptibility) also often taken into account for the treatment of chronic conditions.
What Homoeopathic doctors do?
A homeopathy doctor tries to treat more than just the presenting symptoms. The focus is usually on what caused the disease condition? Why ‘this patient’ is sick ‘this way’?.
The disease diagnosis is important but in homeopathy, the cause of disease not just probed to the level of bacteria and viruses. Other factors like mental, emotional and physical stress that could predispose a person to illness also looked for. No a days, even modern medicine also considers a large number of diseases as psychosomatic. The correct homeopathy remedy tries to correct this disease predisposition.
The focus is not on curing the disease but to cure the person who is sick, to restore the health. If a disease pathology not very advanced, homeopathy remedies do give a hope for cure but even in incurable cases, the quality of life can greatly improved with homeopathic medicines.
Homeopathic Medicines :
Aurum:
Attempt it due to depression.
Veretrum:
Attempts due to mania.
Carcinosin:
Attempts due to cancer or family history of cancer.
Nux vomica:
Wants to attempt but lacks courage.
Hyoscyamus:
He is bugged of his delusions so wants to attempt suicide.
Wants to attempt it due to drunkenness – Arsenic, Belladonna, Nux Vomica.
By Different attempts:
By drowning i.e.:
Argentum Nitricum, Helleborus, Hyoscyamus, Lachesis, Rhus Tox, Pulsatilla.
By Fire i.e.:
Arsenic.
By Hanging i.e.:
Arsenic, Belladonna, Aurum Metalicum, Helleborus, Natrum Sulphuricum.
By Gassing i.e.:
Arsenic, Nux Vomica
Attempts due to Homesickness i.e.:
Capsicum
Wants to Kill him with Sharp Weapon i.e.:
Alumina
Suicide after Disappointment in Love i.e.:
Aurum Metalicum, Belladonna, Causticum, Hyoscyamus, Staphysagria.
By Shooting i.e.:
Natrum Sulphuricum, Staphysagria.
Suicidal Thoughts i.e.:
Aurum Metalicum, Carcinosin, Hepar Sulphuricum, Ignatia, Natrum Sulphuricum, Psorinum, Pulsatilla, Rhus Toxicodendron. [2]
Diet & Regimen
Diet & Regimen
Suicide prevention involves addressing both mental and physical health, and diet and lifestyle can play a role in supporting overall well-being. A holistic approach to diet and regimen, combined with professional care like therapy, medication, and support networks, is vital in preventing suicide. Here are key dietary and lifestyle considerations that may support mental health and reduce suicide risk:
Diet for Mental Health
Omega-3 Fatty Acids:
- Sources: Fatty fish (salmon, sardines), flaxseeds, chia seeds, walnuts.
- Benefits: Omega-3s are essential for brain health and have been linked to reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety, common precursors to suicidal thoughts.
Complex Carbohydrates:
- Sources: Whole grains (brown rice, oats, quinoa), fruits, vegetables, and legumes.
- Benefits: Complex carbs help regulate blood sugar levels and increase serotonin production, which improves mood stability.
Folate & Vitamin B12:
- Sources: Leafy greens (spinach, kale), beans, lentils, fortified cereals, eggs, and fish.
- Benefits: These vitamins are crucial for brain function and have been associated with reduced depression.
Antioxidants:
- Sources: Berries, dark chocolate, nuts, seeds, green tea, and vegetables like broccoli and spinach.
- Benefits: Antioxidants reduce oxidative stress in the brain, which may protect against mood disorders.
Magnesium:
- Sources: Nuts, seeds, dark leafy greens, bananas, and avocados.
- Benefits: Magnesium is important for regulating mood and can alleviate symptoms of depression.
Probiotics & Gut Health:
- Sources: Yogurt, kefir, sauerkraut, kimchi, kombucha, and other fermented foods.
- Benefits: The gut-brain connection is critical for mental health. Probiotics may help improve mood by supporting a healthy gut microbiome.
Tryptophan-Rich Foods:
- Sources: Turkey, chicken, eggs, nuts, seeds, and cheese.
- Benefits: Tryptophan is a precursor to serotonin, a neurotransmitter associated with happiness and mood stability.
Lifestyle and Regimen for Suicide Prevention
Regular Physical Activity:
- Benefits: Exercise releases endorphins, reduces stress, and improves overall mental health. Even 30 minutes of daily walking or any aerobic activity can help alleviate symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Adequate Sleep:
- Importance: Sleep deprivation can exacerbate depression, anxiety, and other mental health issues. Aim for 7-9 hours of sleep per night.
- Sleep Hygiene: Create a bedtime routine, limit screen time before bed, and maintain a consistent sleep schedule.
Stress Management Techniques:
- Methods: Meditation, yoga, deep breathing exercises, and mindfulness practices.
- Benefits: These techniques can reduce stress, anxiety, and depression by promoting relaxation and mental clarity.
Hydration:
- Importance: Dehydration can impact concentration, mood, and energy levels. Drink enough water throughout the day to maintain cognitive function and emotional stability.
Limit Alcohol and Caffeine:
- Risks: Both alcohol and excessive caffeine intake can disrupt sleep patterns, increase anxiety, and lead to mood swings, making them potential triggers for suicidal thoughts.
Social Connection:
- Importance: Isolation is a major risk factor for suicide. Maintain regular contact with friends, family, or support groups to foster a sense of belonging and reduce feelings of loneliness.
Therapeutic Interventions:
- Professional Help: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and other forms of therapy are highly effective in managing depression and suicidal thoughts. Medications such as antidepressants may also be prescribed by a healthcare provider.
Other Recommendations
- Routine and Structure: A daily routine can provide a sense of purpose and reduce feelings of chaos and helplessness.
- Journaling: Writing down thoughts and feelings may help with emotional regulation and clarity.
- Avoidance of Toxic Environments: Reduce exposure to environments or people that trigger negative emotions or feelings of worthlessness.
Do’s and Don'ts
Do’s & Don’ts for Suicide Prevention
Suicide Prevention do’s & don’ts
Do’s for Suicide Prevention
Take All Signs Seriously:
- If someone talks about suicide, expresses feelings of hopelessness, or exhibits unusual behavior, take these signs seriously and act immediately.
Do Reach Out for Help:
- Encourage reaching out to professionals such as counselors, doctors, or helplines. If you or someone you know is struggling, seeking help early is crucial.
Do Listen Actively and Non-Judgmentally:
- Offer a listening ear without interrupting or offering immediate solutions. Let the person know they are heard and understood.
Encourage Professional Support:
- Mental health professionals, therapists, and support groups are key resources. Encourage counseling, therapy, or medication if needed.
Do Stay Connected:
- Regular check-ins can be life-saving. Stay in touch with someone at risk, offering emotional support and helping them feel less isolated.
Do Ask Directly About Suicide:
Remove Means of Self-Harm:
- If someone is at risk, remove or secure items like firearms, medications, or sharp objects to reduce the likelihood of impulsive actions.
Do Be Patient:
- Healing from depression or suicidal thoughts takes time. Be patient and offer long-term support rather than expecting quick solutions.
Do Encourage Healthy Coping Strategies:
- Suggest practices like journaling, mindfulness, exercising, or spending time in nature to manage stress and emotional turmoil.
Educate Yourself About Suicide:
- Understanding the risk factors, warning signs, and methods of prevention will better equip you to help someone in need.
Don’ts for Suicide Prevention
Don’t Ignore the Warning Signs:
- Ignoring signs such as talking about death, withdrawing from social activities, or giving away possessions can be dangerous. Always take these seriously.
Not Dismiss Their Feelings:
- Avoid saying things like, "It’s not that bad" or "You’ll get over it." This can make the person feel invalidated and misunderstood.
Don’t Leave Them Alone if They’re at Immediate Risk:
- If someone is actively considering suicide, never leave them alone. Stay with them and get professional help immediately.
Don’t Promise Secrecy:
- If someone confides in you about suicidal thoughts, don’t promise to keep it secret. It’s essential to involve others, including professionals, to ensure their safety.
Not Offer Simple Solutions:
- Avoid saying things like "Just cheer up" or "Think positive." Depression and suicidal thoughts are complex issues and require professional help, not simplistic advice.
Don’t Blame Yourself:
- If someone close to you is experiencing suicidal thoughts, it’s not your fault. Focus on offering support rather than feeling guilty.
Don’t Argue or Debate About Suicide:
- Arguing or trying to convince someone not to feel the way they do is often unhelpful. Instead, validate their feelings and focus on offering support and solutions.
Not Be Afraid to Talk About Suicide:
- Avoiding the topic out of fear can prevent open communication. Talking about it can help break down the stigma and provide much-needed support.
Don’t Use Guilt:
- Avoid saying things like, "Think about how much you’ll hurt your family." This can increase feelings of guilt and isolation, rather than providing help.
Don’t Push Them to Make Major Decisions:
- Asking someone in emotional distress to make significant life changes (like moving or changing jobs) can overwhelm them. Instead, focus on stabilizing their emotional health first.
Immediate Actions in Crisis
- Call Emergency Services: If someone is in immediate danger, call emergency services or a suicide prevention hotline.
- Stay Calm: If you’re with someone at risk, remain calm and composed to provide a safe and supportive environment.
Terminology
Terminologies
- Suicide: The act of intentionally taking one’s own life.
- Suicidal ideation: Thoughts about suicide, which can range from fleeting thoughts to specific plans.
- Suicidal intent: The degree of determination to carry out a suicide plan.
- Suicide attempt: A non-fatal, self-directed, potentially injurious behavior with an intent to die as a result of the behavior.
- Self-harm: Deliberately injuring oneself without the intent to die. This can sometimes be a way of coping with intense emotions or a cry for help.
- Suicide risk factors: Characteristics or conditions that increase the likelihood of someone attempting or dying by suicide. These can include mental health conditions, substance abuse, previous suicide attempts, family history of suicide, and access to lethal means.
- Suicide protective factors: Characteristics or conditions that decrease the likelihood of someone attempting or dying by suicide. These can include strong social support, coping skills, reasons for living, and access to mental health care.
- Suicide prevention: Efforts to reduce the incidence of suicide through education, awareness, and intervention programs.
- Postvention: Support and interventions provided to individuals and communities affected by suicide.
Additional terms:
- Suicide cluster: Multiple suicides occurring within a defined geographical area and time period.
- Suicide contagion: The phenomenon where exposure to suicide or suicidal behaviors within one’s social network increases the risk of suicidal behavior in others.
- Psychological autopsy: A retrospective investigation of the deceased’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors leading up to their death, often used to understand the factors contributing to suicide.
References
References
- Psychiatry, Fourth Edition- Oxford Medical Publications – SRG- by Geddes, Jonathan Price, Rebecca McKnight / Ch 18.
- Homeopathy in treatment of Psychological Disorders by Shilpa Harwani / Ch 21.
- National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data for 2022.
- Understanding Suicide: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Prevention, 1st Edition, J. John Mann, Maria A. Oquendo, A. Leslie Nelson, Annette L. Beautrais, 2015, Cambridge University Press.
- Kaplan & Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry 11th Edition, Benjamin J. Sadock, Virginia A. Sadock, Pedro Ruiz, 2014, Wolters Kluwer.
- Practical Aspects of Suicide Assessment and Management, 1st Edition, Alec Roy, 2008, CRC Press.
Also Search As
Suicide Also search as
People can search for homeopathic articles on suicide using the following methods:
- Search Engines: Use a search engine like Google or DuckDuckGo and enter search terms such as "homeopathic articles suicide," "homeopathy and suicide," or "homeopathic treatment for suicidal thoughts."
- Homeopathic Journals and Websites: Look for reputable homeopathic journals and websites that may have published articles on suicide.
- Homeopathic Libraries: Visit libraries that specialize in homeopathy or alternative medicine to access books and journals on the topic.
- Consult a Homeopath: Ask a qualified homeopath for recommendations on articles or resources related to suicide.
Important Note: It is crucial to remember that suicide is a serious mental health issue. If you or someone you know is struggling with suicidal thoughts, please seek professional help immediately. Homeopathy should not be considered a replacement for conventional mental health treatment.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What causes Suicide?
- Impulsiveness
- Dependence
- Unrealistic expectations
- Other causes
- Predisposing factors
What are the types of Suicide?
Can homeopathy help prevent suicide?
Homeopathy might play a role in suicide prevention by addressing the emotional and mental health factors that can increase the risk. By promoting overall well-being and emotional balance, it may help reduce the likelihood of suicidal ideation.
Can homeopathy help with suicidal thoughts or tendencies?
Homeopathy aims to address the root cause of emotional distress, including factors that may contribute to suicidal thoughts. While it’s essential to seek professional help for any mental health crisis, homeopathic remedies might offer support as part of a comprehensive treatment plan.
Is homeopathy a safe alternative to conventional treatment for suicide prevention?
Homeopathy can be a complementary approach, but it should not replace conventional mental health treatment. It’s crucial to seek professional help from mental health specialists and crisis support services if you or someone you know is experiencing suicidal thoughts.