Vomiting
Definition
Vomiting in contrast, is a highly specific physical event that results in the rapid, forceful evacuation of gastric contents in retrograde fashion from the stomach up to and out of the mouth.[4]
There are many synonyms for vomiting, both formal and informal:
Formal Synonyms:
- Emesis
- Regurgitation
- Retching
Informal Synonyms:
- Throwing up
- Puking
- Spewing
- Upchucking
- Barfing
- Tossing one’s cookies (slang)
- Losing one’s lunch (slang)
Overview
Epidemiology
Causes
Types
Risk Factors
Pathogenesis
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Sign & Symptoms
Clinical Examination
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Prevention
Homeopathic Treatment
Diet & Regimen
Do’s and Don'ts
Terminology
References
Also Search As
Overview
Overview
It is forcing the contents of the stomach up throughout the mouth. To remove the either non-toxic or harmless substance from the body after ingestion is called emesis. In detail, It is a violent act in which the stomach has to overcome the pressure that in place to keep food and secretion within the stomach.
The stomach almost reflexes itself inside out –forcing into the lower portion of the oesophagus during emesis episodes.
It is a cause is food poisoning and gastritis head injury, brain cancer.
Nausea is the discomfort felt before emesis but not all nausea results in emesis.[5]
Vomiting Accomplished By-
Emesis is accomplished by a fierce, downward contraction of the diaphragm muscles. At the same time, the abdomen muscles tighten against a relaxed stomach with an open gastro-esophageal sphincter. The content of the stomach is propelled up and out.
Vomiting Reflex-
As a part of the body reflex person may produce excessive saliva just before the emesis. It is a complex, coordinated reflex orchestrated by the emesis center of the brain.
That response to brain signals coming from; –
- The mouth, stomach, also intestine.
- The bloodstream, which may contain medicine or infections.
- The balancing system in the ear (morning sickness).
- The brain itself, including unsettling sights, smells or thought.[5]
Epidemiology
Epidemiology:
Gastroenteritis:
- "Burden and aetiology of acute gastroenteritis in children in developing countries" (Indian Journal of Medical Research, 2013): This study emphasizes the substantial burden of acute gastroenteritis in India, with It being a frequent symptom. [7]
- "Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in India" (Indian Journal of Medical Research, 2009): This research underscores the prevalence of rotavirus-induced gastroenteritis, often accompanied by It . [8]
Food Poisoning:
- "Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance" (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), 2018): This report notes that bacterial contamination is a major cause of food poisoning outbreaks in India, typically associated with It . [9]
These studies offer indirect evidence of the prevalence of It associated with specific conditions, but they do not provide a comprehensive epidemiological overview of vomiting across all potential causes in India.
Additional Considerations:
- Regional Variations: Due to India’s vast geographical and cultural diversity, regional variations in the causes and frequency of vomiting are likely significant.
- Seasonal Fluctuations: It linked to infectious diseases might exhibit seasonal patterns influenced by factors like monsoons and temperature changes.
- Age-Specific Susceptibility: Children and the older people are generally more prone to conditions that cause vomiting.
Further Research Suggestions:
- Targeted Searches: Continue exploring studies on specific diseases or conditions prevalent in India that list vomiting as a prominent symptom.
- Public Health Organizations: Reach out to organizations like the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) or the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) for potential access to epidemiological data or ongoing research initiatives related to vomiting. [10]
Remember, this information is not a substitute for professional medical advice. Consult a healthcare provider for any health concerns.
Causes
Causes of Vomiting:
Alcoholism
Drugs i.e.:
- NSAIDs
- Antibiotics
- Digoxin
- Cytotoxins
Infections i.e.:
- Hepatitis
- Gastroenteritis
- Urinary tract infection
Metabolic i.e.:
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Addison’s disease
- Cyclical vomiting syndrome
Psychological
CNS disorders i.e.:
- Vestibular neuronitis
- Migraine
- Raised intracranial pressure
- Meningitis
Gastroduodenal i.e.:
- Peptic ulcer disease
- Gastric cancer
- Gastroparesis
Uraemia
The acute abdomen i.e.:
- Appendicitis
- Cholecystitis
- Pancreatitis
- Intestinal obstruction [1]
Mechanism:
- Vomiting is usually three phases of reflex mechanism, which everyone reading this has to experience. Nausea, Retching, or emesis.
NAUSEA i.e.-
- The first steps of nausea in most cases. However, in some cases, nausea may be absent.
- An unpleasant sensation and difficult to psychic experience that immediately pre-cedes emesis.
- Associated with decreased gastric motility and increase tone in the small intestine.
RETCHING i.e.-
- The second stage call dry heaves or reaching. There is follow nausea.
- Without any expulsion of gastric content can occurs without any vomiting but usually generating the negative pressure that leads to emesis.
VOMITING i.e.-
- The final stage is vomiting when the gastric and often small intestine content propel up to and out of the mouth.
- It results from a highly coordinated serious event that could describe as the following series of steps.
- A deep breath take the glottis is closed and the larynx raise to open the upper esophageal sphincter.
- Also, the soft palate elevate to close off the posterior nares. Additionally, The diaphragm is contracted downward and opening of the gastric cardiac.[5]
Types
Types
Vomiting can manifest in various ways, often providing clues about its underlying cause.
Key Types of Vomiting:
- Projectile Vomiting: Forceful expulsion of stomach contents without preceding nausea, often associated with pyloric stenosis or increased intracranial pressure.
- Bilious Vomiting: Green or yellow vomit indicating the presence of bile, suggesting an obstruction or problem in the small intestine.
- Hematemesis: Vomiting of blood, which can be bright red (fresh blood) or coffee-ground like (digested blood), indicating bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
- Feculent Vomiting: Vomit with a foul odor and fecal appearance, suggesting a bowel obstruction or abnormal connection between the intestine and stomach.
Additional Types of Vomiting:
- Nonbilious Vomiting: Clear or food-containing vomit, often associated with gastritis, food poisoning, or early stages of obstruction.
- Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome: Recurrent episodes of severe vomiting with no apparent cause, often affecting children.
- Morning Sickness: Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy, typically occurring in the first trimester. [11]
Understanding the type of vomiting can aid in diagnosis and treatment. If you experience persistent or concerning vomiting, seek medical advice.
Risk Factors
Risk factors:
Common Risk Factors:
- Gastrointestinal Infections: Bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections of the digestive tract are a leading cause of vomiting.
- Food Poisoning: Consumption of contaminated or spoiled food can trigger vomiting as the body attempts to expel the toxins.
- Motion Sickness: Sensitivity to motion, such as in cars, boats, or airplanes, can induce nausea and vomiting.
- Pregnancy: Hormonal changes during pregnancy, particularly in the first trimester, often lead to morning sickness, characterized by nausea and vomiting.
- Medication Side Effects: Certain medications, including chemotherapy drugs, opioids, and some antibiotics, can list vomiting as a potential side effect.
- Migraines: Severe headaches associated with migraines can sometimes be accompanied by nausea and vomiting.
- Psychological Factors: Anxiety, stress, and certain psychiatric disorders can contribute to nausea and vomiting.
- Central Nervous System Disorders: Conditions affecting the brain or spinal cord, such as tumors, infections, or head injuries, can trigger vomiting.
- Gastrointestinal Obstruction: Blockages in the digestive tract, such as from tumors or scar tissue, can lead to vomiting as food and fluids cannot pass through.
Additional Risk Factors:
- Excessive Alcohol Consumption: Alcohol irritates the stomach lining and can trigger vomiting, particularly in large amounts.
- Bulimia Nervosa: An eating disorder characterized by eating followed by self-induced vomiting.
- Chemotherapy: Cancer treatment drugs can cause nausea and vomiting as a side effect.
- Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome: A rare disorder causing recurrent episodes of severe vomiting.
Understanding these risk factors can aid in identifying potential causes of vomiting and seeking appropriate treatment. [12]
Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis
Triggering Stimuli
- Vomiting can be initiated by various stimuli, including toxins, irritants, motion sickness, emotional distress, or signals from the brain or other organs.
Activation of the Vomiting Center:
- These stimuli converge on the vomiting center located in the medulla oblongata of the brainstem.
Afferent Pathways:
- The vomiting center receives input from multiple sources, including:
- Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone (CTZ): Located in the area postrema of the fourth ventricle, it detects toxins in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid.
- Vestibular System: The inner ear’s balance organs contribute to motion sickness-induced vomiting.
- Higher Brain Centers: Emotions, memories, and anticipatory anxiety can influence the vomiting center through cortical and limbic connections.
- Visceral Afferents: Nerves from the gastrointestinal tract and other organs transmit signals about irritation, distension, or inflammation.
Efferent Pathways:
- Once activated, the vomiting center coordinates a series of motor responses through efferent pathways:
- Relaxation of the Gastroesophageal Sphincter: This allows the stomach contents to move upward.
- Contraction of the Diaphragm and Abdominal Muscles: These forceful contractions generate pressure within the abdominal cavity, propelling the stomach contents towards the esophagus.
- Closure of the Glottis: This prevents aspiration of vomit into the lungs.
- Reverse Peristalsis: Waves of contraction in the small intestine may occur, pushing contents back into the stomach.
Expulsion of Vomitus:
- The coordinated actions result in the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth.
Additional Considerations:
- Nausea: Often precedes vomiting, involving feelings of discomfort and the urge to vomit.
- Autonomic Responses: Vomiting is associated with sweating, increased salivation, and changes in heart rate and blood pressure.
Understanding the complex mechanisms behind vomiting can help identify its underlying causes and guide appropriate treatment. [13]
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology of Vomiting:
Vomiting is so many sources of having to vomit centre:
- The chemoreceptor trigger is the base of the fourth ventricle has numerous dopamineD2 receptors,serotonin5-HT receptors, opioid receptors, acetylcholine receptors, and receptors for substance p.stimulation of the different receptor are involved in the different pathway leading to emesis, in the final common pathway substance appears involved.
- The vestibular system, which sends information to the brain via control nerve-VIII (Vestibulocochlear nerve), plays a major role in motion sickness and is rich in muscarinic receptorand histamine H1 receptors.
- The cranial nerve X (vagus nerve) is activated when the pharynx is irritated, leading to a gag reflex.
- The vagal and enteric nervous system inputs transmit information regarding the state of the gastrointestinal system irritation of the GI mucosa by chemotherapy, radiation, distention, or acute infections gastroenteritis activates the 5HT receptors of these inputs.
- The CNS mediates vomiting that arises from psychiatric disorders and stress from higher brain centres.
Other factors
- The vomiting act encompasses three types of output initiated by the chemoreceptors trigger zone, motor parasympathetic nervous system, and sympathetic nervous system they are follows
- Increased salivation to protect tooth enamel from stomach acids. Excessive emesis leads to dental erosions. This is part of PNS.
- The body takes a deep breath to avoid aspirating vomit.
- Retro peristalsis starts from the middle of the small intestine and sweeps up digestive tract contents into the stomach, through the relaxed pyloric sphincter.
- Intracranial pressure lower (by inspiration against a closed glottis) coupled with an increase in abdominal pressure as the abdominal muscles contract, propels stomach contents into the oesophagus as the lower oesophageal sphincter relaxes. the stomach itself does not contract in the process of vomiting except for at the angular notch nor is there any retro peristalsis in the oesophagus.
- It ordinarily preced by retching
SNS response
- Emesis also initiates an SNS response causing both sweating and increase heart rate.
- The neurotransmitter that regular vomiting poorly understand but inhibitors of dopamine, histamine, e, and serotonin all use to suppress Emesis, suggesting that these play a role in the initiation or maintenance of a vomiting cycle. vasopressin and neurokinin may also participate.[5]
Clinical Features
Clinical Features
- Nausea: Often precedes vomiting, characterized by a feeling of unease and the urge to vomit.
- Retching: Dry heaving or spasmodic contractions of the abdominal muscles and diaphragm without expulsion of vomitus.
- Expulsion of Vomitus: Forceful ejection of stomach contents through the mouth.
- Character of Vomitus: The appearance and content of the vomitus can provide diagnostic insights:
- Bilious Vomit: Green or yellow, suggesting the presence of bile and possible obstruction or problem in the small intestine.
- Hematemesis: Blood in the vomit, either bright red (fresh blood) or coffee-ground like (digested blood), indicating bleeding in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
- Feculent Vomit: Foul-smelling vomit with a fecal appearance, suggesting a bowel obstruction or abnormal connection between the intestine and stomach.
- Nonbilious Vomit: Clear or food-containing vomit, commonly associated with gastritis, food poisoning, or early stages of obstruction.
Associated Symptoms:
Vomiting may be accompanied by other symptoms, including:
- Abdominal Pain: May indicate inflammation, obstruction, or other gastrointestinal issues.
- Diarrhea: Often coexists with vomiting in cases of gastroenteritis or food poisoning.
- Fever: Suggests an infectious process.
- Headache: May be present in cases of migraine, meningitis, or increased intracranial pressure.
- Dizziness or Lightheadedness: May indicate dehydration or electrolyte imbalances due to vomiting.
Additional Observations:
- Frequency and Volume of Vomiting: Provide information about the severity and potential impact on the patient’s fluid and electrolyte balance.
- Timing of Vomiting: May be related to meals, certain activities, or specific times of day, offering diagnostic clues.
- Medications and Recent Ingestion: Can identify potential triggers or contributing factors.
Thorough documentation of these clinical features aids healthcare providers in identifying the underlying cause of vomiting and developing an appropriate treatment plan. [14]
Sign & Symptoms
Sign & Symptoms
- Increase saliva production
- Involuntary expulsion of food from the mouth and nose
- Uneasy feeling
- Nausea
- Stomach upset
- Dizziness
- Anxiety [5]
Clinical Examination
Clinical Examination of Vomiting
History Taking:
- Detailed History of Vomiting: Onset, duration, frequency, volume, character (color, content), and any associated symptoms (e.g., abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever).
- Dietary History: Recent food intake, possible exposure to contaminated food, or unusual eating habits.
- Medication History: Current medications, including over-the-counter drugs, and any recent changes.
- Past Medical History: Previous gastrointestinal issues, surgeries, or relevant medical conditions.
- Social History: Travel history, alcohol consumption, and possible pregnancy.
Physical Examination:
- General Observation: Assess the patient’s overall appearance, hydration status, and level of distress.
- Vital Signs: Monitor blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature.
- Abdominal Examination: Inspect for distension, scars, or visible peristalsis. Palpate for tenderness, masses, or organomegaly. Auscultate for bowel sounds.
- Neurological Examination: Assess mental status, cranial nerves, and reflexes if indicated.
- Other Systems: Examine relevant systems depending on the suspected cause (e.g., cardiovascular, respiratory).
Targeted Investigations:
- Blood Tests: Complete blood count, electrolytes, liver function tests, kidney function tests, amylase, and lipase.
- Urine Analysis: To assess hydration status and rule out urinary tract infection.
- Stool Examination: For ova, cysts, and parasites if infectious diarrhea is suspected.
- Imaging Studies: Abdominal X-ray, ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI if indicated.
- Endoscopy: Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy or colonoscopy if needed for further evaluation.
Additional Considerations:
- Children: Pay attention to signs of dehydration, assess growth and development, and consider age-specific causes of vomiting.
- Pregnant Women: Evaluate for hyperemesis gravidarum and rule out obstetric complications.
- older people: Assess for medication side effects, potential complications of vomiting (e.g., aspiration pneumonia), and underlying comorbidities. [15]
Diagnosis
Diagnosis
If you need to see a doctor for vomiting, they will take your medical history and perform a physical exam to try to find the underlying cause. A history of your medication will be taken to see if vomiting is a side effect.[3]
Lab tests
Your doctor may use the following lab tests:
- Blood tests– show signs of anemia, dehydration, inflammation, infection, and liver
- Urine tests show signs of dehydration, infection, and kidney[6]
Upper GI endoscopy:
Your doctor may perform an upper GI endoscopy to look for problems in your upper digestive tract that may be causing nausea and vomiting.[6]
Imaging tests:
A doctor may perform one of more of the following imaging tests:
- Ultrasound of the abdomen.
- Gastric emptying test, also called gastric emptying scintigraphy.
- A radiologistcan then measure how quickly the stomach empties after the meal. Additionally, Health care professionals perform gastric emptying tests only between episodes.
- Upper GI series.
- MRI scanor CT scan of the brain.[6]
Differential Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Gastrointestinal Causes:
- Infectious: Gastroenteritis (viral, bacterial, parasitic), food poisoning, hepatitis.
- Inflammatory: Pancreatitis, cholecystitis, appendicitis, inflammatory bowel disease.
- Obstructive: Bowel obstruction, pyloric stenosis, intussusception, volvulus.
- Motility Disorders: Gastroparesis, irritable bowel syndrome.
- Other: Peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), celiac disease.
Central Nervous System Causes:
- Increased Intracranial Pressure: Brain tumor, hemorrhage, hydrocephalus, meningitis, encephalitis.
- Migraine: Classic or common migraine.
- Vestibular Disorders: Labyrinthitis, Ménière’s disease, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV).
- Other: Seizure, concussion.
Metabolic and Endocrine Causes:
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
- Adrenal Insufficiency
- Hypercalcemia
- Uremia
- Pregnancy: Hyperemesis gravidarum, morning sickness.
Toxicological Causes:
- Medications: Opioids, chemotherapy agents, antibiotics, digoxin, theophylline.
- Alcohol
- Drug Overdose: Cocaine, amphetamines.
- Heavy Metal Poisoning: Lead, mercury, arsenic.
Psychogenic Causes:
- Anxiety
- Eating Disorders: Bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervosa.
- Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome
Other Causes:
- Myocardial Infarction: Particularly inferior wall MI.
- Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV)
- Psychogenic Vomiting
Key Points for Differential Diagnosis:
- Thorough History: Detailed information about the nature of the vomiting, associated symptoms, and patient’s medical history is crucial.
- Focused Physical Exam: Careful assessment of the abdomen, neurological system, and other relevant systems aids in narrowing down the possibilities.
- Targeted Investigations: Blood tests, imaging studies, and other diagnostic procedures may be necessary to confirm the underlying cause.[16]
Complications
Complications:
- Dehydration: Excessive fluid loss through vomiting can lead to dehydration, manifesting as dry mouth, decreased urine output, dizziness, and fatigue. Severe dehydration can be life-threatening, particularly in infants, young children, and the Older People.
- Electrolyte Imbalances: Vomiting can disrupt the body’s electrolyte balance, leading to deficiencies in sodium, potassium, and chloride. This can result in muscle weakness, cramps, irregular heartbeat, and even seizures.
- Malnutrition: Frequent vomiting can impair nutrient absorption, leading to malnutrition and weight loss.
- Aspiration Pneumonia: Inhaling vomit into the lungs can cause aspiration pneumonia, a serious lung infection. This is especially a concern in individuals with impaired consciousness or swallowing difficulties.
- Mallory-Weiss Tear: Forceful vomiting can cause a tear in the lining of the esophagus (Mallory-Weiss tear), leading to bleeding and potentially serious complications.
- Dental Erosion: The acidic content of vomit can erode tooth enamel, increasing the risk of dental cavities and sensitivity.
- Metabolic Alkalosis: Loss of stomach acid through vomiting can lead to metabolic alkalosis, a condition where the blood becomes too alkaline.
Additional Complications:
- Esophageal Rupture (Boerhaave Syndrome): A rare but life-threatening complication of forceful vomiting, resulting in a tear in the esophagus.
- Muscle Strain: Severe vomiting can strain the abdominal and chest muscles, leading to soreness and discomfort.
- Psychosocial Impact: Persistent vomiting can significantly impact quality of life, leading to anxiety, depression, and social isolation.
Timely Medical Attention:
It is essential to seek medical attention if vomiting is persistent, severe, or accompanied by alarming symptoms such as blood in the vomit, severe abdominal pain, confusion, or signs of dehydration. [17]
Investigations
Investigations
Initial Investigations:
Detailed History:
- Comprehensive history taking, including the nature of vomiting (frequency, volume, content), associated symptoms, dietary history, medications, travel history, and past medical conditions, is essential for guiding the investigation.
Physical Examination:
- Thorough physical examination, including assessment of vital signs, hydration status, abdominal examination, neurological assessment, and other relevant systems based on clinical suspicion.
Targeted Investigations:
Blood Tests:
- Complete Blood Count (CBC): To evaluate for infection or anemia.
- Electrolytes: To assess for imbalances due to fluid loss.
- Liver Function Tests (LFTs): To evaluate liver health and rule out hepatitis.
- Renal Function Tests (RFTs): To assess kidney function and rule out renal failure.
- Amylase and Lipase: To assess for pancreatitis.
- Pregnancy Test: In women of childbearing age.
Urine Analysis:
- To check for dehydration, infection, or metabolic abnormalities.
Stool Examination:
- For ova, cysts, and parasites if infectious diarrhea is suspected.
Imaging:
- Abdominal X-ray: To evaluate for bowel obstruction or perforation.
- Ultrasound: To assess abdominal organs, particularly the gallbladder and pancreas.
- CT Scan: For detailed evaluation of abdominal and pelvic structures.
- MRI: May be used in specific cases, such as suspected brain pathology.
Endoscopy:
- Upper Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (EGD): To visualize the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum and obtain biopsies if needed.
- Colonoscopy: To visualize the colon and rectum if lower gastrointestinal pathology is suspected.
Additional Investigations:
- Gastric Emptying Study: To assess the rate at which food leaves the stomach.
- Electrocardiogram (ECG): To rule out cardiac causes, particularly in patients with chest pain or risk factors.
- Lumbar Puncture: To analyze cerebrospinal fluid if meningitis or encephalitis is suspected.
Choice of Investigations:
The specific investigations chosen will depend on the patient’s clinical presentation, suspected etiology, and results of the initial assessment. A stepwise approach helps to avoid unnecessary testing and optimize resource utilization. [18]
Treatment
Treatment
Centrally Anti-Emetics-
- Dopamine D2receptor Antagonist-: Haloperidol
- Sedative Hypnotics-: Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines
Central and Peripheral Anti-Emetics-
- Anticholinergics-: e.g. Atropine, Hyoscine, Dicyclomine.
- Antihistamine -: e.g. Cyclizine, Meclizine, Promethazine
- 5-HT3 Receptor Antagonist-: e.g. Ondansetron, Granisetron.
- Tranquilizers -: e.g. Domperidone, Phenothiazines, Chlorpromazine, Prochlorperazine, Haloperidol.
- Accelerators of gastric emptying-: e.g. Metoclopramide, Domperidone, Cisapride.
- Neurokinin Receptors antagonists – e.g. Aprepitant, Fosaprepitant.
Peripheral Anti- Emetics-
- Demulcents-: e.g. Gum Acacia, Gum Tragacanths.
- Adsorbent and Astringent-: e.g. Aluminium Hydroxide, kaolin, Bismuth Carbonate.
- Gastric Mucosal Anesthetics-: e.g. Chlorobutane, Oxethazaine
Drug Acting by Removing Spasm-
- Relieving Myogenic Spasm-: e.g. Volatile oils, spirits, camphor menthol.
- Relieving Neurogenic Spasm-: e.g. Atropine, Hyoscine, propantheline.[5]
Non-Pharmacologic:
The nonpharmacologic method is used to manage nausea and vomiting they are following types i.e.
- Acupressure
- Hypnosis
- Acupuncture
- Muscles relaxation Technique
- Distraction
- Behaviour Therapy [5]
Prevention
Prevention
Food Safety:
- Practice proper hand hygiene before and after handling food.
- Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly.
- Cook meats and eggs to the recommended temperatures.
- Store food properly at appropriate temperatures.
- Avoid consuming raw or undercooked seafood.
- Be cautious when eating street food or food from unhygienic sources.
Infection Prevention:
- Get vaccinated against common viral infections that can cause vomiting, such as rotavirus (for infants) and influenza.
- Wash hands frequently with soap and water, especially after using the bathroom, changing diapers, or before preparing food.
- Avoid close contact with individuals who are sick.
Motion Sickness:
- Choose a seat in a vehicle where motion is felt less, such as the front seat of a car or the middle of a boat or plane.
- Focus on a stable point in the distance.
- Avoid reading or looking at electronic devices during travel.
- Consider using over-the-counter or prescription motion sickness medications if prone to this condition.
Medication-Related Nausea and Vomiting:
- Discuss potential side effects with your doctor when starting any new medication.
- Take medications with food if recommended.
- Anti-nausea medications may be prescribed to prevent or reduce vomiting associated with certain treatments, such as chemotherapy.
Pregnancy-Related Nausea and Vomiting:
- Eat small, frequent meals throughout the day.
- Avoid triggers, such as strong odors or greasy foods.
- Ginger, vitamin B6, and acupuncture may help relieve nausea and vomiting in some pregnant women. Consult your doctor before taking any supplements during pregnancy.
Other Preventive Measures:
- Manage stress and anxiety through relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing or meditation.
- Stay hydrated, especially during hot weather or physical activity.
- Avoid triggers that you know cause you nausea or vomiting.
- Seek medical advice for underlying conditions contributing to vomiting, such as gastrointestinal disorders or migraines. [19]
Homeopathic Treatment
Homeopathic Treatment
Homeopathy treats the person as a whole. It means that homeopathic treatment focuses on the patient as a person, as well as his pathological condition. The homeopathic medicines are selected after a full individualizing examination and case-analysis, which includes the medical history of the patient, physical and mental constitution, family history, presenting symptoms, underlying pathology, possible causative factors etc.
What Homeopathic Doctors Do?
A miasmatic tendency (predisposition/susceptibility) is also often taken into account for the treatment of chronic conditions. A homeopathy doctor tries to treat more than just the presenting symptoms. The focus is usually on what caused the disease condition? Why ‘this patient’ is sick ‘this way’.
The disease diagnosis is important but in homeopathy, the cause of disease is not just probed to the level of bacteria and viruses. Other factors like mental, emotional and physical stress that could predispose a person to illness are also looked for.
No a days, even modern medicine also considers a large number of diseases as psychosomatic. The correct homeopathy remedy tries to correct this disease predisposition. The focus is not on curing the disease but to cure the person who is sick, to restore the health.
Homeopathic medicines
If a disease pathology is not very advanced, homeopathy remedies do give a hope for cure but even in incurable cases, the quality of life can be greatly improved with homeopathic medicines.
The homeopathic remedies (medicines) given below indicate the therapeutic affinity but this is not a complete and definite guide to the homeopathy treatment of this condition.
The symptoms listed against each homeopathic remedy may not be directly related to this disease because in homeopathy general symptoms and constitutional indications are also taken into account for selecting a remedy.
Homoeopathic Medicines:
Ipecacuanha:
- For prolonged vomiting, this homeopathy medicine is a good cure.
- Especially in pregnancy associated with belching and excessive saliva.
- This is also useful when watching moving objects for prolonged periods of induces vomiting.
- There may be associated with abdominal painafter a meal.
Carbo Vegetalis:
- If the vomiting is associated with indigestion, heartburn, flatulence, also a bloated feeling, carbo vegetables can be the ideal remedy.
- Either Food regurgitation or GERD with a sour taste in the mouth is a good indicator of using this remedy.
- There is gas in the stomach which causes distention and burping, especially in children, also this remedy is very useful in such cases.
Arsenicum Album:
- If food poisoning is the cause, then this is the best homeopathic remedy especially for vomiting.
- There is a burning sensation in the stomach along with thirst, and small frequent sips of water are beneficial.
- The stools are dark, small in amount, and have a foul smell. The person is chilly, exhausted, also anxious.
Ignatia:
- Vomiting is brought on by emotional stressors, associated with depression, and trying to curb this feeling.
- The person may be crying also have mood swings and sleeplessness.
- This homeopathic remedy Ignatia can use in children who may complain of a lump in the throat.
- In children especially, everything that is said will be taken very personally.
Nux Vomica:
- In the case of vomiting and diarrhea homeopathic remedies Nux Vomica helps relieve nausea associated with gas and bloating
- It is especially useful in pregnancy where the person can be irritable and impatient and have vomiting after eating and in the morning.
- There is a constant sense of retching. Children who have eaten too much food can treat with this remedy.
- The child could also have stomach pain, headache, and irritability.
Antimonium crudum:
- The tongue coat with a white layer and vomiting occurs soon after eating or drinking.
- There could be a history of eating indigestible foods or an overloaded stomach.
Aethusa:
- If a child is vomiting curd-like material followed by exhaustion, the solution of Aethusa homeopathic is good in this condition.
- The hungry child eats and goes through the bout of nausea, also the cycle repeats.[2]
Diet & Regimen
Diet & Regimen
- Drink plenty of liquids to avoid dehydration.
- Adhere to a clear liquid diet to rest the stomach.
- Avoid strong odours, including food and cooking smells, perfume, and smoke, that could possibly trigger vomiting.
- When you begin eating solid food again, stick to bland foods that are easily digestible, like cereal, rice, and crackers.
- Avoid spicy and fatty foods.[3]
Do’s and Don'ts
Do’s & Don’ts of Vomiting
Vomiting do’s & don’ts
Do’s:
- Stay Hydrated: Sip clear fluids like water, oral rehydration solutions, or clear broth frequently to prevent dehydration.
- Rest: Get plenty of rest to allow your body to recover.
- Eat Bland Foods: When you feel able to eat, start with small amounts of easily digestible foods like crackers, toast, rice, or bananas.
- Seek Medical Attention: If vomiting persists for more than 24 hours, is severe, or is accompanied by other concerning symptoms (e.g., blood in vomit, severe abdominal pain, confusion, or signs of dehydration), consult a healthcare professional.
- Brush Your Teeth: After vomiting, rinse your mouth with water or mouthwash to neutralize stomach acid and protect your teeth.
Don’ts:
- Don’t Force Yourself to Eat: If you’re feeling nauseated, don’t force yourself to eat solid foods.
- Avoid Trigger Foods: Stay away from greasy, spicy, or acidic foods that might irritate your stomach.
- Don’t Lie Flat: Avoid lying flat immediately after vomiting, as this can increase the risk of aspiration.
- Don’t Take Medications Without Consulting a Doctor: Some over-the-counter medications can worsen nausea or vomiting or interact with other medications you’re taking.
- Don’t Ignore Signs of Dehydration: Watch for signs of dehydration, such as decreased urine output, dry mouth, dizziness, or confusion.
Terminology
Terminology
Vomiting (Emesis):
The forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth, sometimes accompanied by nausea and retching.
Nausea:
A feeling of unease and discomfort in the stomach, often with the urge to vomit.
Retching:
Spasmodic contractions of the abdominal muscles and diaphragm, often preceding or accompanying vomiting.
Projectile Vomiting:
Forceful vomiting without prior nausea, often associated with increased intracranial pressure or pyloric stenosis.
Hematemesis:
Vomiting of blood, which can be bright red (fresh blood) or coffee-ground like (digested blood).
Bilious Vomiting:
Vomiting of greenish or yellowish fluid due to the presence of bile, often suggesting a blockage or problem in the small intestine.
Feculent Vomiting:
Vomiting of foul-smelling material containing fecal matter, typically indicating a bowel obstruction.
Cyclic Vomiting Syndrome (CVS):
A condition characterized by recurrent episodes of severe vomiting and nausea without an apparent cause.
Gastroenteritis:
Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, often caused by infection, leading to vomiting and diarrhea.
Food Poisoning:
Illness caused by consuming contaminated food or beverages, often resulting in vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps.
Dehydration:
A condition resulting from excessive fluid loss, often caused by vomiting or diarrhea.
Electrolyte Imbalance:
Disruption of the body’s normal levels of electrolytes, such as sodium, potassium, and chloride, often caused by vomiting or diarrhea.
Antiemetics:
Medications used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting.
Aspiration Pneumonia:
A lung infection caused by inhaling vomit or other foreign matter into the lungs.
Vomiting (Emesis):
Similar to the conventional definition, it denotes the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth.
Nausea:
The uneasy sensation often preceding vomiting, characterized by a feeling of sickness and the urge to vomit.
Retching:
Dry heaves or spasmodic contractions of the abdominal and chest muscles without the expulsion of vomitus.
Projectile Vomiting:
Forceful vomiting without prior nausea, often associated with specific remedies like Aethusa cynapium.
Bilious Vomiting:
Vomiting of greenish or yellowish fluid due to the presence of bile, potentially linked to remedies like Chelidonium majus or Ipecacuanha.
Sour Vomiting:
Expulsion of sour-smelling vomitus, indicative of remedies like Antimonium crudum or Nux vomica.
Coffee-Ground Vomit:
Vomiting of dark, grainy material resembling coffee grounds, suggesting digested blood and requiring immediate medical attention.
Characteristic Symptoms:
Specific details accompanying vomiting, such as timing, triggers, modalities (factors that improve or worsen symptoms), and mental-emotional state, crucial for selecting the appropriate homeopathic remedy.
Repertory:
A comprehensive index of homeopathic symptoms and corresponding remedies, assisting practitioners in finding the most suitable remedy based on the unique symptom picture.
Similimum:
The homeopathic remedy that most closely matches the totality of the individual’s symptoms, including those of vomiting.
Aggravation:
A temporary worsening of symptoms after taking a remedy, often considered a positive sign of the remedy’s action.
Amelioration:
Improvement of symptoms following the administration of a remedy.
Illustrative Example:
"Vomiting with intense nausea, worse from the smell of food, better by sipping warm water, accompanied by irritability and anxiety" suggests the potential for remedies like Sepia or Arsenicum album.
References
Reference
Book of Davidsons Medicine 21th
https://www.lybrate.com/topic/homeopathic-remediesforvomiting/b18c375cc64d237c53c0ad2b41d49c50
https://www.everydayhealth.com/vomiting/guide/
Chamberlain_s_Symptoms_and_Signs_in_Clinical_Medicine_13th_medibos_blogspot_com_(1)_(1)
https://medicoiq.com/what-is-vomiting-and-their-causes-symptoms/
https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/digestive-diseases/cyclic-vomiting-syndrome/diagnosis#:~:text=Doctors%20use%20lab%20tests%2C%20upper,pattern%20or%20cycle%20of%20symptoms
Burden and aetiology of acute gastroenteritis in children in developing countries" (Indian Journal of Medical Research, 2013)
Epidemiology of rotavirus diarrhea in India" (Indian Journal of Medical Research, 2009)
Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance" (Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), 2018)
National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) or the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
Sleisenger and Fordtran’s, Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease, 11th Edition (2016)
Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, 21st Edition (2022)
Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th Edition (2021), by John E. Hall and Michael E. Hall, published by Elsevier
Bates’ Guide to Physical Examination and History Taking, 13th Edition (2021), by Lynn S. Bickley and Peter G. Szilagyi, published by Wolters Kluwer
Macleod’s Clinical Examination, 14th Edition (2018), by Graham Douglas, Fiona Nicol, and Colin Robertson, published by Elsevier
Tintinalli’s Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 9th Edition (2020), edited by Judith E. Tintinalli, J. Stephan Stapczynski, O. John Ma, Donald M. Yealy, Garth D. Meckler, and David M. Cline, published by McGraw Hill
Kumar and Clark’s Clinical Medicine, 10th Edition (2021), edited by Parveen Kumar, Michael L. Clark, and Anish K. Mitra, published by Elsevier
Davidson’s Principles and Practice of Medicine, 24th Edition (2022), edited by Brian R. Walker, Nicki R. Colledge, Stuart H. Ralston, and Ian D. Penman, published by Elsevier
Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 9th Edition (2020)
Also Search As
Also Search As
People can search for homeopathic articles on vomiting using various methods and resources:
Online Search Engines:
Use specific keywords:
"homeopathic remedies for vomiting"
"homeopathy and vomiting"
"homeopathic treatment for nausea and vomiting"
Combine with specific symptoms or causes: "homeopathy for vomiting during pregnancy" or "homeopathy for food poisoning vomiting"
Utilize advanced search features:
Use quotation marks for exact phrases: "homeopathic vomiting treatment"
Exclude terms with ‘-‘: "homeopathy vomiting -conventional medicine"
Specify file types: "homeopathy vomiting pdf"
Homeopathic Websites and Resources:
Reputable homeopathic organizations:
National Center for Homeopathy (NCH)
The American Institute of Homeopathy (AIH)
The British Homeopathic Association (BHA)
Council for Homeopathic Certification (CHC)
Online homeopathic journals and publications:
Homeopathy journal
The American Homeopath
Homeopathy Links
Simillimum Journal
Homeopathic blogs and forums:
Hpathy.com
HomeoHelp
Libraries and Bookstores:
Search library catalogs for books on homeopathy, specifically mentioning vomiting or related conditions.
Browse bookstores for homeopathic self-help books or materia medica references.
Homeopathic Practitioners:
Consult a qualified homeopathic practitioner for personalized advice and treatment plans.
They can also provide access to relevant articles and resources.
Additional Tips:
Look for articles written by qualified homeopathic practitioners or published in reputable homeopathic journals.
Consider the credibility of the source and the information presented.
Be aware of the potential biases and limitations of online information.
Always consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.
Online Search Engines:
General Search Terms:
Use keywords like "vomiting," "nausea," "throwing up," or "emesis" to find general information about the topic.
Specific Queries:
Refine your search by including specific details or symptoms, such as:
"causes of vomiting"
"treatment for vomiting"
"home remedies for vomiting"
Image Search:
Utilize image search to find visual aids or diagrams that illustrate the causes, symptoms, or treatment of vomiting.
Reputable Medical Websites:
Government Health Organizations:
Websites like the National Institutes of Health (NIH) or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provide reliable health information.
Medical Associations:
Organizations like the American Medical Association (AMA) or the Mayo Clinic offer credible information about various medical conditions, including vomiting.
Health-focused Websites:
Look for websites ending in ".gov," ".edu," or ".org" that are affiliated with reputable institutions.
Medical Libraries and Databases:
PubMed:
A free database of medical literature maintained by the National Library of Medicine.
Google Scholar:
A search engine that provides access to scholarly literature, including articles on vomiting.
University or Hospital Libraries:
These often have extensive collections of medical books and journals accessible to the public.
Books and Textbooks:
Medical Textbooks:
Consult textbooks on gastroenterology, internal medicine, or pediatrics for in-depth information about vomiting.
Self-Help Books:
Look for books focused on specific aspects of vomiting, such as managing nausea during pregnancy or natural remedies for nausea and vomiting.
Healthcare Professionals:
Primary Care Physician:
Your doctor can provide personalized advice and treatment for vomiting, as well as answer any questions you have about the condition.
Gastroenterologist:
If your vomiting is persistent or severe, a gastroenterologist can help diagnose and treat any underlying digestive issues.
Additional Tips:
Specify Your Search:
If you’re looking for information about a specific type of vomiting, such as projectile vomiting or cyclic vomiting syndrome, include those terms in your search.
Consider Your Audience:
If you’re searching for information for a child or someone with limited medical knowledge, look for resources that are written in plain language and are easy to understand.
Evaluate the Source:
Always consider the credibility of the source before relying on any information you find online.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What is vomiting?
Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth, often preceded by nausea and retching.
What are the common causes of vomiting?
Vomiting can be triggered by various factors, including infections, food poisoning, motion sickness, pregnancy, medication side effects, migraines, and underlying medical conditions.
When should I see a doctor for vomiting?
Seek medical attention if vomiting persists for more than 24 hours, is severe, or is accompanied by concerning symptoms such as blood in vomit, severe abdominal pain, confusion, or signs of dehydration.
How can I prevent dehydration when vomiting?
Sip clear fluids like water, oral rehydration solutions, or clear broth frequently. Avoid sugary drinks or caffeine, which can worsen dehydration.
What can I eat when I have vomiting?
When you feel able to eat, start with small amounts of bland, easily digestible foods like crackers, toast, rice, or bananas. Avoid greasy, spicy, or acidic foods that may irritate your stomach.
Can homeopathy help with vomiting?
Yes, homeopathy offers a gentle and individualized approach to managing vomiting by addressing its underlying cause and associated symptoms.
How does a homeopath choose the right remedy for vomiting?
A homeopath conducts a detailed case analysis, considering the specific characteristics of the vomiting, associated symptoms, and the individual’s overall constitution to select the most suitable remedy.
Is homeopathy safe for children and pregnant women experiencing vomiting?
Yes, homeopathic remedies are generally considered safe for all ages, including children and pregnant women, when prescribed by a qualified practitioner.
Can homeopathy be used alongside conventional treatment for vomiting?
Yes, homeopathy can be used as a complementary therapy alongside conventional treatment, potentially aiding in managing symptoms and supporting overall well-being.