Personality Disorders
Definition
A personality disorders is a type of mental disorder in which you have a rigid and unhealthy pattern of thinking, functioning and behaving. A person with a personality disorder has trouble perceiving and relating to situations and people. This causes significant problems and limitations in relationships, social activities, work and school.
There are two main categories of synonyms for personality disorder, depending on the level of formality and specificity you need:
General terms:
- Mental disorder: This is a broad term encompassing various mental health conditions, including personality disorders.
- Psychological disorder: Similar to mental disorder, but emphasizes the psychological aspects.
- Mental disturbance: A less formal term suggesting a disruption in normal mental functioning.
- Maladjustment: This term highlights the difficulty a person has adapting to their environment due to their personality traits.
More specific terms (refer to a medical professional for accurate diagnosis):
- Character disorder: An older term sometimes used interchangeably with personality disorder.
- Ego disorder: This term focuses on the impact on a person’s sense of self.
- Personality disturbance: Similar to personality disorder but might imply a less severe or entrenched pattern.
Overview
Epidemiology
Causes
Types
Risk Factors
Pathogenesis
Pathophysiology
Personality Change
Assessment of Personality
Clinical Features
Sign & Symptoms
Clinical Examination
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Prevention
Homeopathic Treatment
Diet & Regimen
Lifestyle and Home Remedies
Do’s and Don'ts
Terminology
References
Also Search As
Overview
Overview:
When the behaviour is inflexible, maladaptive, and antisocial, then the individual is diagnosed with a personality disorder.
In some cases, you may not realize that you have a personality disorder because your way of thinking and behaving seems natural to you. And you may blame others for the challenges you face.
Personality disorders usually begin in the teenage years or early adulthood. sometimes even childhood and often have a pervasive negative impact on the quality of life .
There are many types of personality disorders. Some types may become less obvious throughout middle age.
People with a personality disorder may:
React in unusual ways to illness or to treatment; for example, by becoming overdependent or aggressive;
Behave in unusual ways when mentally ill, so that diagnosis is difficult;
React unusually to stressful events; for example, by becoming aggressive or histrionic instead of anxious; sometimes these reactions are so unusual that they may be mistaken for a psychiatric disorder;
Behave in ways that are stressful or dangerous to themselves or other people;
Develop other psychiatric disorders more often than other people.
Epidemiology
Epidemiology of Personality Disorders
Research on the epidemiology of Personality Disorders (PDs) in India presents a somewhat complex picture, largely due to methodological variations and the evolving understanding of PDs.
One study, "Personality disorders: prevalence and demography at a psychiatric outpatient in North India" (Mathur et al., 2011), found a prevalence of 1.07% among psychiatric outpatients. This study also noted that the most common PDs were anxious-avoidant and borderline.
However, it’s important to recognize that this is just one snapshot. Other studies have reported varying prevalence rates, highlighting the need for further research with standardized methodologies.
Overall, while the exact epidemiology of PDs in India is still being elucidated, the available research suggests that they are a significant mental health concern, warranting further attention and resources.[1]
Causes
Causes of Personality Disorders
Personality is the combination of thoughts, emotions and behaviors that makes you unique. It’s the way you view, understand and relate to the outside world, as well as how you see yourself.
Personality forms during childhood, shaped through an interaction of:
Genetic factors:
The children of parents with antisocial personality disorder have greater rates of antisocial behaviour than children of parents who do not have this personality.
A similar excess has been reported also among adopted children whose biological parents have antisocial personality disorder and whose adoptive parents do not. These findings suggest a genetic contribution to aetiology.
Childhood experience:
Separation from parents in early childhood is more frequent among people with antisocial personality disorder than among controls.
This association could be due to
(i) Firstly, parental disharmony preceding separation,
(ii) Secondly, the separation itself, or
(iii) Thirdly, a consequence of separation such as upbringing in care rather than in a family.
Injury to the brain at birth:
It is sometimes followed by impulsive and aggressive behaviour. Such injury has been suggested as a cause of antisocial personality disorder but without convincing evidence.
Abnormal brain development:
It has been suggested as a cause. The only evidence, which is indirect, is that some adults with antisocial personality have non-specific features in the electroencephalogram (EEG) of a kind found normally in adolescents, not adults.
This suggests that these findings might reflect delayed brain maturation among people with antisocial personality.
Serotonin:
Recent studies have found an association between aggressive behaviour and low levels of brain serotonin (5-HT), inferred from the results of neuroendocrine challenge tests.
However, the association between serotonin and aggression is not confined to aggression in antisocial personality disorder.
Parenting:
Evidence shows personality disorders may begin with parental personality issues. These cause the parent to have their own difficulties in adulthood, such as difficulties reaching higher education, obtaining jobs, and securing dependable relationships.
By either genetic or modeling mechanisms, children can pick up these traits.
More specifically, lack of maternal bonding has also been correlated with personality disorders. In a study comparing 100 healthy individuals to 100 borderline personality disorder patients, analysis showed that BPD patients were significantly more likely not to have been breastfed as a baby.
These researchers suggested this act may be essential in fostering maternal relationships.
Negative correlation
Additionally, findings suggest personality disorders show a negative correlation with two attachment variables: maternal availability and dependability.
When left unfostered, other attachment and interpersonal problems occur later in life ultimately leading to development of personality disorders.
Personality disorders are thought to be caused by a combination of these genetic and environmental influences.
Your genes may make you vulnerable to developing a personality disorder, and a life situation may trigger the actual development.
Types
Types of Personality Disorders
Psychiatrists classify abnormal personalities according to one or other of the detailed schemes set out in ICD-10 and DSM-IV.
For other doctors, who treat people with highly abnormal personalities less often, a simpler scheme is usually adequate.
Such a scheme is compatible with the specialist classifications (with one exception— lacking self-esteem). Each of the groups in this scheme will be described together with its relationship to the specialist classification, which is shown below.
A simplified classification of personality:
- Anxious, moody, and prone to worry
- Lacking self-esteem and confidence
- Sensitive and suspicious
- Dramatic and impulsive
- Aggressive and antisocial
Anxious, moody, and prone to worry e.g.
- Avoidant (anxious)
- Obsessive-compulsive (anankastic)
- Dependent
- Affective (depressive, hyperthymic, cyclothymic)
Sensitive and suspicious e.g.:
- unreasonable
- Schizoid
- Schizotypal (ICD-10: classified with schizophrenia)
Dramatic and impulsive e.g.:
- Histrionic
- Borderline (emotionally unstable—impulsive)
- self-centered
Antisocial e.g.:
- Antisocial (dissocial)
1.Anxious, Moody and Prone to Worry Personalities:
(i) Avoidant (anxious) personality disorder i.e.:
These people are persistently anxious, ill at ease in company, and fearful of disapproval or criticism. They feel inadequate and are timid. They avoid taking new responsibilities at work and avoid new experiences generally. This tendency to avoid is the basis of the DSM term avoidant.
Characteristics of anxious, moody, worry-prone personalities i.e.:
- Persistently anxious
- Worried about day-to-day problems or health
- Inflexible, obstinate, indecisive (obsessional traits)
- Persistently gloomy and pessimistic or
- Unstable moods, mild elation, or overconfidence alternates with mild depression and/or selfdeprecation
(ii) Obsessive-compulsive (anankastic) personality disorder:
These people are inflexible, obstinate, and rigid in their opinions, and they focus on unimportant detail. They are indecisive, and having made a decision they worry about its consequences.
They are humourless and judgemental, while worrying about the opinions of others. Perfectionism, rigidity, and indecisiveness can make employment impossible.
They appear outwardly controlled but may well be irritated by those who disturb their carefully ordered routine, and may have violent feelings of anger.
(iii) Dependent personality disorder:
These people are passive and unduly compliant with the wishes of others. They lack vigour and self-reliance, and they avoid responsibility. Some achieve their aims by persuading other people to assist them, while protesting their own helplessness.
Some are supported by a more self- reliant partner; left to themselves, they have difficulty in dealing with the demands and also responsibilities of everyday life.
(iv) Persistent mood disorders:
These disorders represent a lifelong tendency to persistent gloom, elation, or varied mood which is abnormal, but not severe enough at any one time to constitute depressive or wild episodes.
Because of the close epidemiological links that we now know exist between these disorders and the mood (affective) disorders, the ‘affective personality disorders’ are now classified among the mood disorders in both DSM-IV and ICD-10. These people have lifelong abnormalities of mood regulation, as follows
a.Dysthymia (ICD-10 and DSM-IV): Formerly depressive personality disorder. The person is persistently gloomy and pessimistic with little capacity for enjoyment.
b.Cyclothymia (ICD-10 and DSM-IV): Formerly cyclothymic personality disorder. The person’s mood alternates between gloomy and elated over periods of days to weeks. This instability can be particularly disruptive to work and social relationships.
2.Personalities lacking Self esteem and Confidence:
This group is common and important in primary care and general medical practice. These personality features are associate with recurrent depressive moods, eating disorders, and self-harm and are often see among young people who seek help for these problems.
Unfortunately, this group does not appear as a separate entity in the specialist classifications of personality disorder.
Characteristics of personalities lacking self-esteem:
- Lack confidence
- Feel inferior
- Expect criticism
- Strive to please others
- Shyness and social withdrawal/inappropriate efforts to please others
3.Sensitive and Suspicious Personalities:
People in this group are difficult to engage in treatment and they may distrust their doctors:
Characteristics of sensitive and suspicious personalities:
- Sensitive, touchy, irritable; see rebuffs where none exist
- Suspicious, mistrustful
- Cold, detached,show little concern for others,reject help when it is offered
- Eccentric, with unusual ideas about topics such as telepathy
- Self-sufficient
- Lacking concern
(i) Paranoids personality disorder:
These individuals are sensitive and suspicious; they mistrust others and suspect their motives, and are prone to jealousy. They are touchy, irritable, argumentative, and stubborn.
Some of these people have a strong sense of self-importance and special ability, although they may feel that their potential has been stymied by others letting them down or deceiving them.
(ii) Schizoid personality disorder:
These individuals are emotionally cold, self-sufficient, and detached. They are introspective and may have a complex fantasy life.
They show little concern for the opinions of others, and pursue a solitary course through life. When this personality disorder is extreme, the person is cold, callous, and insensitive.
(iii) Schizotypal personality disorder:
These individuals are eccentric and have unusual ideas (e.g. about telepathy and clairvoyance) or ideas of reference. Their speech is abstract and vague, and their affect may be inappropriate to the circumstances. In ICD-10
4.Dramatic and Impulsive Personalities:
characteristics of dramatic and impulsive personalities:
- Seek the limelight, dramatize their problems
- Vain, self-centered
- Demanding of others, to an unreasonable extent, perhaps using ‘emotional blackmail’
- Act a part, self-deceiving, lack awareness of their image to others
- Impulsive, sometimes with harmful behaviours
- Short-lived enthusiasms but lack persistence
- Unrestrained emotional display
(i) Borderline personality disorder:
People with borderline personality represent an important clinical group that presents frequently to healthcare, including A&E departments.
The term ‘borderline’ refers to a combination of features seen also in histrionic and antisocial personalities, which are centred around impulsivity and poor self-control.
The term originates in the now abandoned idea that the condition was related to (on the borderline with) schizophrenia.
Note that ICD-10 uses the term emotionally unstable personality disorder for the same patient group. People with borderline personality disorder have intense but unstable relationships.
They have persistent feelings of boredom and emptiness, with uncertainty about personal identity and a fear of abandonment. Their moods may be unstable, with unwarranted outbursts of anger, and low tolerance of stress.
They are impulsive, and may engage in self damaging behaviours, such as reckless spending or gambling, reckless sex, chaotic eating, and substance abuse. Threats or acts of self-harm may be recurrent.
(ii) Histrionic personality disorder:
These people appear sociable, outgoing, and entertaining but at the same time they are self-centred, prone to short lived enthusiasms, and lack persistence.
Extreme displays of emotion may leave others exhausted while the person recovers quickly and without remorse. Sexually provocative behaviour is common but tender feelings are lacking.
There may be astonishing capacity for self-deception and an ability to persist with elaborate lies long after others have seen the truth.
(iii) self-centered personality disorder:
This disorder is not included in ICD-10. Narcissism is morbid self-admiration. self-centered people have a grandiose sense of self-importance and are preoccupied with fantasies of success, power, and intellectual brilliance.
They crave attention, exploit others, and seek favours but do not return them.
5.Antisocial Personality:
This group corresponds to the dissocial (ICD-10) or antisocial (DSM-IV) groups in the specialist classifications. The difficulties are often increased by abuse of alcohol or illicit drugs.
Characteristics of antisocial personalities:
- Impulsive behaviour, low tolerance of frustration, and lack of consistent striving towards goals, leading to, for example, an unstable work record
- Callous acts, inflicting pain, cruelty, or degradation on others
- Tendency to violence
- Lack of guilt
- Failure to learn from experience, leading to behaviours that persist or escalate despite negative social consequences and legal penalties
- Failure to sustain close relationships, including intimate relationships
- Disregard of the feelings of others
- Family problems, including violence towards partner, and neglect of or violence towards children; frequent separation and divorce
- Often lengthy forensic history, perhaps starting with petty delinquent acts but escalating to callous, violent crime.
Risk Factors
Risk Factors for Personality Disorders:
Genetic Predisposition:
- Family history of personality disorders or other mental health conditions
Childhood Trauma and Adverse Experiences:
- Physical, emotional, or sexual abuse
- Neglect
- Unstable or chaotic family environment
Temperament:
- High sensitivity or reactivity
- Impulsivity
- Difficulty regulating emotions
Environmental Factors:
- Exposure to violence or conflict
- Socioeconomic disadvantage
- Cultural and social influences
Please note:
- The DSM-5-TR is a widely used manual for diagnosing mental health disorders, including personality disorders.
- It provides detailed information on diagnostic criteria, risk factors, and associated features for each disorder.
- This is just one resource. Many other books and articles can provide further insight into personality disorders and their risk factors.
Additional Points:
- It’s important to remember that having one or more risk factors does not guarantee that someone will develop a personality disorder.
- Similarly, some individuals with personality disorders may have experienced few identifiable risk factors.
- Early identification and intervention can improve outcomes for individuals with personality disorders.[2]
Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis of Personality Disorders
While the definitive cause of personality disorders remains an area of ongoing research, various factors are believed to contribute to their development. These factors interact in complex ways, and the specific pathogenesis likely varies between individuals and disorder types.
Genetic Predisposition:
- Family and twin studies suggest a heritable component in personality disorders, particularly in Cluster A (schizoid, schizotypal) and Cluster B (antisocial, borderline, histrionic) disorders.[3]
Neurobiological Factors:
- Abnormalities in brain structure and function, particularly in areas related to emotion regulation and impulse control, have been implicated.
- Neurotransmitter imbalances, such as in serotonin and dopamine systems, may play a role.[4]
Early Childhood Experiences:
- Adverse childhood experiences, such as trauma, neglect, and inconsistent parenting, can significantly impact personality development.
- Attachment difficulties in early relationships may contribute to later interpersonal problems.[5]
Psychological Factors:
- Maladaptive cognitive schemas and coping mechanisms can develop in response to early experiences and contribute to ongoing dysfunction.
- Difficulties in emotional regulation and impulse control are common.[6]
Sociocultural Factors:
- Cultural norms and expectations can influence the expression and interpretation of personality traits.
- Social isolation and lack of support can exacerbate existing vulnerabilities.[7]
It’s important to remember:
- The pathogenesis of personality disorders is multifactorial and complex.
- The interaction of these factors likely varies between individuals and disorder types.
- Continued research is essential for a deeper understanding of the underlying mechanisms.
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology of Personality Disorder
Personality disorders represent complex and enduring patterns of inner experience and behavior that deviate significantly from cultural norms. The precise pathophysiology behind these disorders remains an area of active research, but a combination of factors likely contributes to their development and persistence.
Genetic and Environmental Factors: Personality disorders are thought to arise from a complex interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental experiences. Genetic factors may contribute to temperamental traits that increase vulnerability to developing specific disorders. Environmental factors, such as adverse childhood experiences, can interact with these genetic predispositions, shaping the expression of personality traits and leading to maladaptive patterns of behavior.
Brain Structure and Function: Neuroimaging studies have identified alterations in brain structure and function in individuals with personality disorders. These changes often involve regions of the brain associated with emotional regulation, impulse control, and social cognition. For example, individuals with borderline personality disorder may exhibit decreased activity in the prefrontal cortex, a region crucial for decision-making and inhibiting impulsive behavior.
Neurotransmitter Imbalance: Imbalances in neurotransmitter systems, such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine, are implicated in personality disorders. These neurotransmitters play crucial roles in regulating mood, motivation, and arousal, and dysregulation in these systems can contribute to emotional instability, impulsivity, and other symptoms characteristic of personality disorders.
Psychological and Social Factors: Psychological and social factors can also contribute to the development and maintenance of personality disorders. Early childhood experiences, such as neglect or trauma, can shape maladaptive coping mechanisms and distorted beliefs about oneself and others. These factors can perpetuate dysfunctional patterns of behavior, contributing to difficulties in interpersonal relationships, occupational functioning, and overall quality of life.[8]
Personality Change
Personality Change
By definition, personality is enduring and stable. Small changes often take place very gradually over many years; for example, a person may become less impulsive and aggressive in middle or late life, or a person who is socially anxious and lacking in confidence in their 20s becomes socially and occupationally adept in their 30s and 40s.
The term personality change does not refer to these gradual modifications but to the more abrupt, step-like changes that result sometimes from:
- Injury to, or organic disease of, the brain;
- Residual effects of severe mental disorder, usually schizophrenia;
- Exceptionally severe stressful experiences such as those experienced by hostages or victims of severe torture.
Assessment of Personality
Assessment Of Personality
In everyday life we learn about the personalities of people we know by observing how they respond in various circumstances over the time that we have known them. There are four sources of information:
- A description by someone who knows the patient well, a corroborant. If that person is observant and reliable, this is usually the best source.
- The patient’s own account of their past behaviour in a variety of circumstances. It is less objective but potentially more complete.
- A patient’s own account of their personality. This is also subjective and sometimes influenced by the wish to create a good impression, or by depression or elation.
- The patient’s behaviour in the interview. It is often unreliable because it reflects their current mood and the context of the interview.
The evaluation of personality formed from the last two of these items should be checked by comparing it with an objective record of past achievements and difficulties and, whenever possible, with the accounts of people who know the patient well.
A scheme for assessing personality:
Relationships:
This section is concerned with (i) relationships at work (with colleagues, people in authority, and juniors), (ii) relationships with friends, and (iii) intimate relationships.
The interviewer asks whether the patient makes friends easily, has few friends or many, has close friends in whom they can confide, and has lasting friendships. The interviewer also asks whether the patient is sociable and confident in company, or shy and reserved.
Finally, ask about the nature of romantic relationships—their nature, quality, and sense of permanence or instability.
Usual mood:
The aim is to discover the person’s usual or habitual mood, not the present or recent mood. There are three elements.
- The general character of the person’s mood; is it generally cheerful, middle of the road, or gloomy?
- Whether it is stable, changeable, or volatile. If mood is changeable, the interviewer asks how long the changes last, and whether they occur spontaneously or in relation to events.
- Whether the person shows his feelings or hides them.
Other traits:
When enquirer about other traits it can help to keep in mind the list which is given below; Each characteristic has a positive as well as a negative side and it is appropriate to ask patients where they lie between the extremes;
Common personality traits (for brevity, only negative attributes are listed; corresponding positive features should also be noted):
- Prone to worry
- Impulsive
- Strict, fussy, rigid
- Attention seeking
- Lacking self-confidence
- Dependent
- Sensitive
- Aggressive
- Suspicious, jealous
- Irritable, quarrelsome
- Untrusting, resentful
- Lacking concern for others
It is useful to check answers by asking for examples from the patient’s recent life, and checking with a corroborant.
Characteristics such as jealousy or lack of feeling for others may not be revealed because the person is ashamed of them or does not recognize their presence.
Observations should be recorded objectively, avoiding value judgements. General terms such as ‘immature’ or ‘inadequate’ should not be used; instead, the interviewer should record in what ways the person has difficulty in meeting the demands of adult life.
Here’s a table outlining common personality traits, highlighting their negative and positive aspects, along with considerations for assessment and recording observations:
Trait (Negative) | Positive Counterpart | Assessment Considerations | Recording Observations |
---|---|---|---|
Prone to worry | Cautious, Prepared, Conscientious | – Explore specific worries and their impact on daily life. – Assess for excessive anxiety or generalized anxiety disorder. | "Expresses frequent concerns about [specific situations/events]." "Demonstrates preparedness by [actions taken to mitigate worries]." |
Impulsive | Spontaneous, Adaptable, Decisive | – Inquire about instances of acting without thinking and consequences. – Evaluate for impulsivity-related disorders (e.g., ADHD). | "Tends to make decisions quickly, sometimes without full consideration." "Shows flexibility in adapting to unexpected changes." |
Strict, fussy, rigid | Organized, Detail-oriented, Principled | – Discuss their approach to rules, routines, and expectations of others. – Assess for obsessive-compulsive tendencies. | "Prefers a structured environment and clearly defined expectations." "Pays close attention to details, ensuring tasks are completed accurately." |
Attention seeking | Outgoing, Sociable, Charismatic | – Observe their interactions and communication style. – Evaluate the underlying need for validation or recognition. | "Actively engages in conversations and seeks social interactions." "Demonstrates enthusiasm and can captivate an audience." |
Lacking self-confidence | Humble, Modest, Open to Learning | – Explore their beliefs about their abilities and past experiences. – Assess for social anxiety or avoidant personality traits. | "Expresses self-doubt and hesitates to take on new challenges." "Readily acknowledges areas for improvement and seeks feedback." |
Dependent | Collaborative, Loyal, Supportive | – Inquire about their reliance on others for decision-making and emotional support. – Assess for dependent personality disorder. | "Values close relationships and enjoys working with others." "Seeks guidance and reassurance when facing difficult situations." |
Sensitive | Empathetic, Compassionate, Perceptive | – Discuss their emotional responses to various situations and feedback. – Assess for hypersensitivity or borderline personality traits. | "Demonstrates emotional awareness and easily connects with others’ feelings." "Expresses concern for the well-being of others." |
Aggressive | Assertive, Confident, Proactive | – Explore their approach to conflict resolution and expressing their needs. – Assess for anger management issues or intermittent explosive disorder. | "Communicates directly and stands up for their beliefs." "Takes initiative and actively pursues their goals." |
Suspicious, jealous | Protective, Discerning, Loyal | – Explore their trust issues and concerns about relationships. – Assess for overly suspicious personality traits or delusional jealousy. | "Expresses concerns about the intentions of others." "Demonstrates commitment and dedication in relationships." |
Irritable, quarrelsome | Passionate, Expressive, Straightforward | – Inquire about their triggers for anger and typical reactions. – Assess for anger management issues or disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. | "Openly expresses their opinions and emotions." "Shows enthusiasm and conviction in their beliefs." |
Untrusting, resentful | Cautious, Self-protective, Realistic | – Discuss their past experiences that may have contributed to their distrust. – Assess for bitterness or unresolved trauma. | "Maintains a healthy skepticism and evaluates situations carefully." "Sets boundaries to protect themselves from harm." |
Lacking concern for others | Independent, Self-reliant, Focused | – Explore their understanding of empathy and social responsibility. – Assess for antisocial or narcissistic personality disorder. | "Capable of making decisions independently and taking care of themselves." "Demonstrates strong concentration and dedication to their tasks." |
4.Attitudes, beliefs, and standards:
Relevant points include attitudes to illness, religious beliefs, and personal standards. Usually, these become apparent when the personal history is being taken, but they can be explored further at this point in the interview.
Usual habits:
Although not strictly part of personality, the person’s usual lifestyle is often relevant. What was their typical daily routine (timeline, structure, activities), and what was their typical daily use of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs?
These aspects of a person’s life may help by (i) indicating possible aetiological factors in current mental illness, or (ii) indicating possible features of current mental illness.
For example, a person whose usual alcohol habit was to drink half a bottle of wine on a Friday and Saturday evening with friends may start to drink more than half a bottle each evening on their own, as ‘self-medication’ to cope with their low mood.
Additional Notes for Assessment:
- Use open-ended questions to encourage the patient to elaborate on their experiences and feelings.
- Observe non-verbal cues such as body language, facial expressions, and tone of voice.
- Seek corroboration from family members or close friends, if possible, to gain a more complete picture.
- Avoid judgmental language and focus on objective descriptions of behaviors and their impact.
- Use specific examples rather than general terms when documenting observations.
Remember that these traits exist on a spectrum, and the presence of some negative aspects does not necessarily indicate a personality disorder. It’s essential to consider the individual’s overall functioning and the extent to which these traits cause distress or impairment in their daily life.
Clinical Features
Clinical Features of Personality Disorders
Pervasive and Inflexible: Personality disorders are characterized by enduring patterns of inner experience and behavior that deviate markedly from the expectations of the individual’s culture. These patterns are inflexible and pervasive across a broad range of personal and social situations.
Onset in Adolescence or Early Adulthood: The onset of personality disorders typically occurs in adolescence or early adulthood. They tend to be stable over time and can lead to significant distress or impairment in functioning.
Significant Distress or Impairment: Personality disorders often result in considerable distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
Ego-Syntonic: In many cases, individuals with personality disorders may not perceive their behavior as problematic (ego-syntonic). This can make treatment challenging.
Interpersonal Difficulties: Individuals with personality disorders often experience significant difficulties in their relationships with others. These difficulties may manifest as conflict, manipulation, dependency, or social isolation.[3]
Please note that the clinical features mentioned above are general characteristics of personality disorders. Specific diagnostic criteria and clinical presentations vary depending on the specific type of personality disorder.
Sign & Symptoms
Signs & Symptoms of Personality Disorders
Personality disorders are complex mental health conditions characterized by persistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that deviate significantly from societal norms and expectations. These patterns often cause distress and impairment in various areas of life, such as relationships, work, and self-image.
Common Signs and Symptoms
Inflexible and Maladaptive Behavior: Individuals with personality disorders often exhibit rigid and inflexible behavior patterns that hinder their ability to adapt to different situations. This may lead to difficulties in relationships, work, and social interactions.
Impaired Interpersonal Functioning: Personality disorders frequently disrupt interpersonal relationships due to difficulties with trust, empathy, communication, and intimacy.
Distorted Self-Perception: Individuals with personality disorders may have a distorted sense of self, including an inflated or deflated sense of self-importance, unstable self-image, and a lack of self-awareness.
Emotional Dysregulation: Difficulty managing emotions, such as experiencing intense anger, anxiety, or depression, is common in personality disorders.
Impulsivity: Acting on urges without considering the consequences can be a feature of some personality disorders, leading to risky behaviors, such as substance abuse, self-harm, and reckless driving.
Specific Personality Disorders
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-5-TR), published by the American Psychiatric Association in 2022, outlines ten specific personality disorders, each with its own set of characteristic signs and symptoms:
- Paranoid Personality Disorder
- Schizoid Personality Disorder
- Schizotypal Personality Disorder
- Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Borderline Personality Disorder
- Histrionic Personality Disorder
- Narcissistic Personality Disorder
- Avoidant Personality Disorder
- Dependent Personality Disorder
- Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder [2]
The DSM-5-TR provides comprehensive descriptions of each personality disorder, including diagnostic criteria, associated features, and prevalence rates. It serves as the primary reference for mental health professionals in diagnosing and treating these conditions.
Note:
- The above is a general overview of signs and symptoms.
- If you suspect you or someone you know may have a personality disorder, seeking professional evaluation and diagnosis is essential for proper treatment and support.
- Mental health professionals use the DSM-5-TR to assess symptoms and make an accurate diagnosis.
Clinical Examination
Clinical Examination of Personality Disorder
The clinical examination of personality disorders involves a comprehensive assessment of the individual’s behavior, thoughts, and emotions to identify persistent patterns that deviate significantly from cultural norms and cause distress or impairment in functioning. The assessment typically includes the following components:
Detailed History:
- Presenting complaints: The clinician carefully listens to the individual’s concerns and symptoms, focusing on their impact on daily life and relationships.
- Past psychiatric and medical history: This includes any previous diagnoses, treatments, hospitalizations, and current medications.
- Family history: Information about mental health conditions and personality traits in the family can be helpful.
- Social and developmental history: The clinician explores the individual’s childhood experiences, relationships, education, and work history.
Mental Status Examination:
- Appearance and behavior: The clinician observes the individual’s physical appearance, grooming, posture, and nonverbal communication.
- Mood and affect: The individual’s emotional state and its appropriateness are assessed.
- Speech: The clinician evaluates the individual’s speech patterns, including rate, volume, and content.
- Thought processes: The clinician assesses the individual’s thought patterns for clarity, coherence, and any unusual or delusional beliefs.
- Perceptual disturbances: The clinician inquires about any hallucinations or other perceptual abnormalities.
- Cognition: The individual’s attention, concentration, memory, and orientation are assessed.
- Insight and judgment: The clinician evaluates the individual’s understanding of their condition and ability to make sound decisions.
Assessment of Personality:
- Structured interviews: The clinician may use standardized interviews or questionnaires to assess personality traits and identify specific personality disorders.
- Observation: The clinician observes the individual’s behavior and interactions throughout the assessment.
- Collateral information: Information from family members, friends, or other healthcare providers can provide valuable insights.
Assessment of Functioning:
- Social and occupational functioning: The clinician assesses the individual’s ability to maintain relationships, work effectively, and participate in social activities.
- Quality of life: The impact of the personality disorder on the individual’s overall well-being and life satisfaction is evaluated.
Differential Diagnosis:
- The clinician considers other potential diagnoses, such as mood disorders, anxiety disorders, or substance use disorders, which can coexist with personality disorders.
Formulation:
- The clinician integrates the information gathered from the assessment to develop a comprehensive understanding of the individual’s personality disorder, including its origins, contributing factors, and current manifestations.
Treatment Planning:
- The clinician collaborates with the individual to develop a treatment plan that addresses their specific needs and goals. Treatment may include psychotherapy, medication, or a combination of both.
Remember:
- Thoroughness: A comprehensive assessment is crucial for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment planning.
- Empathy and rapport: Building a trusting relationship with the individual is essential for obtaining accurate information and facilitating engagement in treatment.
- Cultural sensitivity: The clinician must consider the individual’s cultural background and values when interpreting their behavior and experiences.
- Collaboration: The clinician works collaboratively with the individual to develop a shared understanding of their condition and treatment goals.[8]
Diagnosis
Diagnosis
If your doctor suspects you have a personality disorder, a diagnosis may be determined by:
- Physical exam. The doctor may do a physical exam and ask in-depth questions about your health. In some cases, your symptoms may link to an underlying physical health problem. Your evaluation may include lab tests and a screening test for alcohol also drugs.
- Psychiatric evaluation. This includes a discussion about your thoughts, feelings and behavior and may include a questionnaire to help pinpoint a diagnosis. Additionally, With your permission, information from family members or others may be helpful.
- Diagnostic criteria in the DSM-5. Your doctor may compare your symptoms to the criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association.
Diagnostic criteria:
Each personality disorder has its own set of diagnostic criteria.
However, according to the DSM-5, generally the diagnosis of a personality disorder includes long-term marked deviation from cultural expectations that leads to significant distress or impairment in at least two of these areas:
- The way you perceive and interpret yourself, other people and events
- The appropriateness of your emotional responses
- How well you function when dealing with other people and in relationships
- Whether you can control your impulses
Furthermore, sometimes it can be difficult to determine the type of personality disorder, as some personality disorders share similar symptoms and more than one type may present.
Differential Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis of Personality Disorder
Other Personality Disorders: Distinguishing between different personality disorders requires careful assessment of specific criteria and patterns of behavior. For example, borderline personality disorder and histrionic personality disorder share features of emotional instability and attention-seeking, but their underlying motivations and manifestations differ.
Mood Disorders: Mood disorders, particularly major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, can present with symptoms that overlap with personality disorders. It is essential to assess the duration, severity, and episodic nature of mood symptoms to differentiate between the two.
Anxiety Disorders: Anxiety disorders, such as social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder, can coexist with personality disorders. Distinguishing between the two involves identifying the primary source of distress and the specific triggers for anxiety.
Substance Use Disorders: Substance use disorders can mimic or exacerbate personality disorder symptoms. A thorough substance use history and assessment of current use are crucial in differentiating between the two.
Trauma-Related Disorders: Trauma-related disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), can share features with personality disorders, particularly borderline personality disorder. A careful trauma history and assessment of specific PTSD symptoms are necessary for differentiation.
Medical Conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as thyroid disorders and neurological disorders, can present with symptoms that resemble personality disorders. A thorough medical evaluation is essential to rule out any underlying medical causes.
Cultural and Contextual Factors: Cultural and contextual factors can influence the presentation and interpretation of personality traits. It is crucial to consider the individual’s cultural background and social context when assessing for personality disorders.
Complications
Complications of Personality Disorder
Personality disorders can significantly impact an individual’s life, leading to a range of complications that affect various aspects of their well-being and functioning. Some of these complications include:
- Relationship difficulties: Personality disorders can strain relationships due to challenges with trust, communication, and emotional regulation.
- Social isolation: Individuals with personality disorders may struggle to form and maintain healthy social connections, leading to feelings of loneliness and isolation.
- Occupational and academic problems: Personality disorders can interfere with work or school performance due to difficulties with interpersonal interactions, impulsivity, or emotional instability.
- Substance abuse: Individuals with personality disorders are at an increased risk of developing substance use disorders as a way of coping with their emotional distress.
- Other mental health problems: Personality disorders often co-occur with other mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and eating disorders.
- Legal issues: Impulsive or risky behaviors associated with some personality disorders can lead to legal problems.
- Self-harm and suicide: Some individuals with personality disorders may engage in self-harming behaviors or experience suicidal thoughts and attempts.[2]
The DSM-5-TR provides a comprehensive overview of personality disorders, including their diagnostic criteria, associated features, and potential complications. It is a valuable resource for understanding the complex nature of these disorders and their impact on individuals’ lives.
Investigations
Investigations of Personality Disorder
Personality disorders are complex and enduring patterns of inner experience and behavior that deviate markedly from the expectations of an individual’s culture. These patterns are pervasive and inflexible, leading to significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
Etiology (Causes): Research explores the interplay of genetic, biological, and environmental factors in the development of personality disorders. This includes examining:
- Genetic predispositions
- Brain structure and function abnormalities
- Early childhood experiences (trauma, neglect, attachment styles)
- Socio-cultural influences
Diagnosis and Assessment: Developing reliable and valid tools for diagnosing and assessing personality disorders is crucial for effective treatment and research. Key areas of focus include:
- Refining diagnostic criteria
- Creating standardized assessment measures
- Improving clinical interviews and observational techniques
Treatment and Interventions: A wide range of therapeutic approaches are investigated for their efficacy in treating personality disorders, such as:
- Psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy, dialectical behavior therapy, schema therapy)
- Psychopharmacology (medication to manage specific symptoms)
- Combined treatment approaches
Comorbidity and Co-occurring Disorders: Personality disorders often coexist with other mental health conditions, such as mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders. Research explores the relationships between these conditions and their impact on treatment outcomes.
Long-term Outcomes and Prognosis: Longitudinal studies examine the long-term course and prognosis of personality disorders, including factors that influence recovery and relapse.[9][10][11]
Remember that investigations into personality disorders are ongoing, and new research is continually emerging. It’s essential to stay up-to-date with the latest findings to understand these complex conditions better.
Treatment
Treatment
Aims of management
Identify and treat any co-morbid psychiatric disorders.
For example: Depression should consider whenever the personality problems have increased recently without another obvious cause, even when the patient does not complain spontaneously of depression.
Treat any associated substance misuse.
Alcohol or other substances may use by people with personality disorder to relieve tension, unhappiness, or feelings of inadequacy. However, they can exacerbate mood disturbance, and their disinhibiting effects can encourage histrionic or aggressive behaviour and self-harm.
Help the patient to deal with or avoid situations that provoke problem behaviours.
for problem behaviours by asking the patient to keep a daily diary of the behaviours and the situations in which they occur. For example, aggression may be provoked by social rejection, which is the response of others to the patient’s lack of social skills. Treatment would then include social skills training.
Provide general support to reduce tension and increase self-esteem.
particularly the effects on any children living with the patient. Although these enquiries are particularly important when the person is aggressive, the problems of people who are persistently anxious, histrionic, or suspicious may also affect their families.
Support and help the family.
This may be needed especially when the personality disorder is of the aggressive or antisocial kind. If a mother has a personality disorder, the health and development of the children should assesse, and appropriate steps taken to alleviate any problems.
Psychotherapy:
During psychotherapy with a mental health professional, you can learn about your condition and talk about your moods, feelings, thoughts and behaviors. You can learn to cope with stress and manage your disorder.
First of all, Psychotherapy may be provided in individual sessions, group therapy, or sessions that include family or even friends. There are several types of psychotherapy — your mental health professional can determine which one is best for you.
You may also receive social skills training. During this training you can use the insight and knowledge you gain to learn healthy ways to manage your symptoms and reduce behaviors that interfere with your functioning and relationships.
Family therapy provides support and education to families dealing with a family member who has a personality disorder.
Medications:
There are no medications specifically approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat personality disorders. However, several types of psychiatric medications may help with various personality disorder symptoms.
- Antidepressants. Antidepressants such as the SSRI fluoxetine, may be useful if you have a depressed mood, anger, impulsivity, irritability or hopelessness, which may be associated with borderline personality disorders.
- Mood stabilizers. Such as lithium carbonate and other anticonvulsants are useful. Additionally, As their name suggests, mood stabilizers can help even out either mood swings or reduce irritability, impulsivity and aggression.
- Antipsychotic medications. Also called neuroleptics, these may be helpful if your symptoms include losing touch with reality (psychosis) or in some cases if you have either anxiety or anger problems.
- Anti-anxiety medications. These may help if you have anxiety, agitation or insomnia. But in some cases, they can increase impulsive behavior, so they’re avoided in certain types of personality disorders.
Prevention
Prevention of Personality Disorder
While personality disorders are complex and often have roots in early childhood experiences, research suggests that early intervention and prevention efforts can be effective in mitigating their development or reducing their severity.
Early Identification and Intervention: Recognizing early signs of potential personality disorders in children and adolescents, such as difficulties with emotional regulation, interpersonal relationships, or impulse control, can lead to timely interventions that address underlying issues and promote healthy development.
Parenting Skills Training: Providing parents with education and support on effective parenting practices can foster secure attachments, healthy emotional development, and positive coping skills in children, reducing the risk factors associated with personality disorders.
School-Based Programs: Implementing school-based programs that focus on social-emotional learning, conflict resolution, and building healthy relationships can create supportive environments that promote positive development and reduce the likelihood of personality disorder development.
Targeted Interventions for High-Risk Groups: Identifying and providing targeted interventions for individuals at higher risk of developing personality disorders, such as those who have experienced trauma or neglect, can help address underlying vulnerabilities and promote resilience.[3]
This textbook includes a chapter dedicated to early identification and prevention strategies for borderline personality disorder, highlighting the importance of early intervention in mitigating the development of full-blown personality disorders.
Additional Considerations:
Longitudinal Studies: Research into the long-term effectiveness of preventive interventions is crucial in understanding their impact on the development of personality disorders and informing future prevention efforts.
Community-Based Approaches: Implementing community-based programs that promote mental health awareness, reduce stigma, and provide support services can contribute to a supportive environment that fosters healthy development and reduces the risk factors for personality disorders.
While preventing personality disorders entirely might not always be possible, implementing these preventive strategies can significantly reduce the risk of their development and minimize their impact on individuals and society.
Homeopathic Treatment
Homoeopathic Treatment
Calcarea carbonica:
This remedy is usually indicated for dependable solid people who become overwhelmed from physical illness or too much work and start to fear a breakdown.Their thoughts can be muddled and confused when tired, which adds to the anxiety. Worry may agitate them, and a nagging dread of disaster (to themselves or others) may develop. Fear of heights and claustrophobia are also common. A person who needs this remedy is often chilly and sluggish, has a craving for sweets, and is easily fatigued.
Ignatia Amara:
A sensitive person who is anxious because of grief, loss, disappointment, criticism, loneliness (or any stressful emotional experience) may benefit from this remedy. A defensive attitude, frequent sighing, and mood swings are other indications. The person may burst unexpectedly into either tears or laughter. Headaches that feel like a nail driven into the side of the head, and cramping pains in the abdomen or back, are often seen when this remedy is needed.
Naja mentals:
Sense of duality the feeling of being split into two, of having two wills. Conflict between higher (human) and lower (animal) nature, strong sense of duty (which in the duality-neglect), feels as if he is a failure. Delusion he has suffered-broods over imaginary troubles (which in the duality suffering wrong and doing wrong to others). Timidity fear of rain, fear of being abandoned.
Keynotes:
Affinities: Cerebellum, Medulla, Nerves, Heart, respiration- throat. Worse: specifically lying on left side. After sleep, after menses. Air (cold; drafts) Damp Weather. Tight clothing. Alcohol. Exertion. Talking. Walking. Night. Touch. 3 pm. Stimulants. On the other hand, Better: Walking and riding in open air. Sneezing. Lying on right side. Very sensitive to cold- desires warmth. Colds that turn to asthma. Sensation as if organs are drawn together.
Diet & Regimen
Diet & Regimen for Personality Disorders
While there are no specific diets or regimens that directly "cure" personality disorders, research suggests that certain lifestyle adjustments can positively impact overall health and well-being, potentially alleviating some symptoms and improving emotional regulation.
Diet:
- Focus on Whole Foods: Prioritize a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. These provide essential nutrients that support brain function and mood stability.
- Limit Processed Foods and Sugar: These can contribute to energy crashes, mood swings, and inflammation, potentially exacerbating symptoms of some personality disorders.
- Regular Meal Times: Maintaining a consistent eating schedule can help stabilize blood sugar levels and reduce irritability and impulsivity.
- Hydration: Drink plenty of water throughout the day for optimal brain function and overall health.
- Consider Supplements: Certain supplements, like omega-3 fatty acids or vitamin D, may help support mental health. Consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplements.
Regimen:
- Regular Exercise: Engaging in regular physical activity, even moderate amounts, can improve mood, reduce anxiety, and promote better sleep.
- Quality Sleep: Aim for 7-8 hours of sleep per night. Consistent sleep patterns can improve emotional regulation and overall mental health.
- Stress Management: Techniques like mindfulness meditation, deep breathing exercises, and yoga can help individuals cope with stress and regulate emotions.
- Therapy: Psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), can be highly effective in managing personality disorders and improving coping skills.
- Medication: In some cases, medication may be prescribed to manage specific symptoms associated with personality disorders.[12]
This book provides practical guidance on managing borderline personality disorder (BPD) symptoms through lifestyle adjustments, including diet, exercise, sleep, and stress management techniques. It offers specific tips and strategies tailored to teenagers dealing with BPD.
Important Considerations:
- Individualized Approach: It’s important to remember that the ideal diet and regimen can vary depending on the individual’s specific personality disorder, symptoms, and overall health.
- Professional Guidance: Working with a healthcare professional or registered dietitian is crucial to create a personalized plan that addresses specific needs and potential interactions with medications.
Lifestyle and Home Remedies
Lifestyle and home remedies:
Along with your professional treatment plan, consider these lifestyle and self-care strategies:
Be an active participant in your care.
Generally, This can help your efforts to manage your personality disorder. Don’t skip therapy sessions, even if you don’t feel like going. Think about your goals for treatment and work toward achieving them.
Take your medications as directed.
Even if you’re feeling well, don’t skip your medications. If you stop, symptoms may come back. Additionally, You could also experience withdrawal-like symptoms from stopping a medication too suddenly.
Learn about your condition.
In brief, Education about your condition can empower you and motivate you to stick to your treatment plan.
Get active.
Physical activity can help manage many symptoms, such as depression, stress and anxiety. It can also counteract the effects of some psychiatric medications that may cause weight gain. Consider walking, jogging, swimming, gardening or taking up another form of physical activity that you enjoy.
Avoid drugs and alcohol.
Alcohol also street drugs can worsen personality disorder symptoms or interact with medications.
Get routine medical care.
Don’t neglect checkups or skip visits to your primary care professional, especially if you aren’t feeling well. You may have a new health problem that needs to address, or you may be experiencing side effects of medication.
Caring and support:
Having a personality disorder makes it hard to engage in behavior and activities that may help you feel better. In detail, Ask your doctor or therapist how to improve your coping skills and get the support you need.
Furthermore, If you have a loved one with a personality disorder, work with his or her mental health professional to find out how you can most effectively offer support and encouragement.
You may also benefit from talking with a mental health professional about any distress you experience.
All in all, A mental health professional can also help you develop boundaries and self-care strategies so that you’re able to enjoy and succeed in your own life.
Do’s and Don'ts
Do’s and Don’ts of Personality Disorder
While this book specifically addresses Borderline Personality Disorder, many of the principles can be applied to other personality disorders as well.
Do’s:
- Educate yourself. Learning about the specific personality disorder can help you understand the person’s behaviors and challenges.
- Set boundaries. It’s important to establish clear and consistent boundaries to protect yourself and maintain a healthy relationship.
- Communicate effectively. Use clear, direct, and assertive communication. Avoid accusations or blame.
- Practice self-care. Take care of your physical and emotional needs. Make time for activities you enjoy and that help you relax.
- Seek support. Connect with others who understand what you’re going through, such as support groups or therapists.
- Be patient. Change takes time, and progress may be slow. Celebrate small victories and remain hopeful.
- Encourage professional help. Suggest that the person seek professional treatment from a therapist or psychiatrist specializing in personality disorders.
Don’ts:
- Don’t take things personally. Remember that the person’s behaviors are often not directed at you but are a manifestation of their disorder.
- Not try to fix the person. You can’t change someone with a personality disorder; only they can decide to seek help and change.
- Don’t enable unhealthy behaviors. Avoid rescuing or making excuses for the person’s actions.
- Don’t engage in arguments or power struggles. These can be counterproductive and escalate the situation.
- Not isolate yourself. Stay connected with friends and family, and don’t let the relationship consume your life.
- Don’t give up hope. Recovery is possible with appropriate treatment and support.
Terminology
Terminology
1. Personality Disorder:
- Meaning: A deeply ingrained and maladaptive pattern of behavior, thoughts, and feelings that deviates significantly from the expectations of one’s culture. These patterns are pervasive, inflexible, and cause significant distress or impairment in functioning.
2. Cluster A, B, and C:
- Meaning: The three clusters personality disorders are grouped into based on shared characteristics:
- Cluster A (Odd or Eccentric): Schizoid, and Schizotypal Personality Disorders.
- Cluster B (Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic): Borderline, Histrionic, and Antisocial Personality Disorders
- Cluster C (Anxious or Fearful): Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders
3. Comorbidity:
- Meaning: The presence of two or more mental health conditions or disorders occurring simultaneously in an individual.
4. Ego-syntonic:
- Meaning: Behaviors, values, and feelings that are in harmony with or acceptable to the needs and goals of the ego, or consistent with one’s ideal self-image.
5. Ego-dystonic:
- Meaning: Thoughts, impulses, and behaviors that are felt to be repugnant, distressing, unacceptable or inconsistent with one’s self-concept.
6. Splitting:
- Meaning: A defense mechanism where an individual sees themselves or others as all good or all bad, unable to integrate both positive and negative qualities into a cohesive whole.
7. Idealization & Devaluation:
- Meaning: A pattern of alternating between excessively positive and negative views of self or others.
8. Projection:
- Meaning: A defense mechanism where an individual attributes their own unacceptable thoughts, feelings or motives to another person.
9. Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT):
- Meaning: A type of cognitive-behavioral therapy that focuses on teaching skills to regulate emotions, tolerate distress, and improve interpersonal relationships.
10. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT):
- Meaning: A type of psychotherapy that helps individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors.
Remember:
- This list is not exhaustive.
- The specific terminologies used may vary depending on the specific personality disorder being discussed and the context of the article.
- It is always best to refer to reliable sources and consult mental health professionals for accurate and up-to-date information on personality disorders.
References
References
- Personality disorders: prevalence and demography at a psychiatric outpatient in North India.
- Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR), Fifth Edition, Text Revision, American Psychiatric Association, 2022, American Psychiatric Association Publishing
- The American Psychiatric Association Publishing Textbook of Association, 2019.
- Personality Disorders in Modern Life (Second Edition) by Theodore Millon and Roger Davis, 2000
- The Haunted Self: Structural Dissociation and the Treatment of Chronic Abuse by Onno van der Hart, Ellert R. Slichting, and Kathy Steele, 2006
- Cognitive Therapy of Personality Disorders (Second Edition) by Aaron T. Beck, Arthur Freeman, and Denise D. Davis, 2003
- Cultural Formulation: Association, 2013.
- Kaplan and Sadock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/Clinical Psychiatry, 12th Edition, Benjamin J. Sadock, Virginia A. Sadock, and Pedro Ruiz, 2019, Wolters Kluwer.
- "Personality Disorder" by Paul Moran, Peter Tyrer, Anthony S. David, Jeremy W. O. Day, and Gwen Adshead.
- "Cognitive Therapy of Personality Disorders" by Aaron T. Beck, Arthur Freeman, Denise D. Davis, and Associates.
- "The Wiley Handbook of Personality Disorders" edited by W. John Livesley.
- The Borderline Personality Disorder Wellness Book for Teens: Your Guide to Staying Balanced and Thriving, Blaise Aguirre, MD, 2021, Instant Help Books, First Edition.
- "I Hate You – Don’t Leave Me: Understanding the Borderline Personality", Revised, Jerold J. Kreisman, M.D. and Hal Straus, 2008, Penguin Books.
Also Search As
Personality Disorder Also Search As
Online Resources:
Search Engines: Use popular search engines like Google, DuckDuckGo, or Bing, and enter keywords such as:
- "homeopathic treatment personality disorder"
- "homeopathy for borderline personality disorder"
- "homeopathic remedies for narcissistic personality disorder"
- "personality disorder research homeopathy"
Homeopathic Journals and Databases: Access online homeopathic journals and databases like:
- The National Center for Homeopathy (NCH): https://www.homeopathycenter.org/
- The International Journal of High Dilution Research: [invalid URL removed]
- The Homeopathy Journal: https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ejournals/journal/10.1055/s-00000070
- PubMed: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ (filter for homeopathy-related studies)
Homeopathic Organizations and Websites: Explore the websites of homeopathic organizations and institutions:
- The American Institute of Homeopathy: https://homeopathyusa.org/
- The British Homeopathic Association: https://www.britishhomeopathic.org/
- The Council for Homeopathic Certification: https://www.homeopathicdirectory.com/
Offline Resources:
- Libraries: Visit your local library or university library and search for homeopathic books and journals.
- Homeopathic Clinics and Practitioners: Contact local homeopathic clinics or practitioners to inquire about resources or research articles related to personality disorders.
Tips for Effective Searching:
- Use Specific Keywords: Be specific in your search terms to get relevant results. Include the personality disorder you’re interested in (e.g., "borderline") and the desired outcome (e.g., "treatment," "case studies").
- Utilize Boolean Operators: Combine keywords with operators like "AND," "OR," and "NOT" to refine your search.
- Filter Search Results: Use filters available on search engines and databases to narrow down results by date, language, or publication type.
- Consult a Homeopathic Professional: Seek guidance from a qualified homeopathic practitioner to find relevant articles and discuss treatment options.
Remember:
- The quality and reliability of online information can vary. Look for articles published in reputable journals and written by qualified professionals.
- Always consult a healthcare professional before making any decisions about treatment for a personality disorder.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What is Personality Disorders?
Definition
A personality disorder is a type of mental disorder in which you have a rigid and unhealthy pattern of thinking, functioning and behaving.
What causes Personality Disorders?
Causes
- Genetic factors
- Childhood experience
- Injury to the brain at birth
- Abnormal brain development
- Serotonin
- Parenting
Give the types of Personality Disorders?
Types
- Anxious, moody, and prone to worry
- Lacking self-esteem and confidence
- Sensitive and suspicious
- Dramatic and impulsive
- Aggressive and antisocial
How are personality disorders diagnosed?
- A thorough interview to assess the individual’s symptoms and history
- Review of the individual’s current functioning and relationships
- Consideration of the criteria outlined in the DSM-5
Can homeopathy help with personality changes?
Yes, homeopathy can be beneficial in addressing personality changes. It aims to treat the root cause of the imbalance, rather than merely suppressing the symptoms.
What are the symptoms of Personality Disorders?
Symptoms
A person may become less impulsive and aggressive in middle or late life, or a person who is socially anxious and lacking in confidence in their 20s becomes socially and occupationally adept in their 30s and 40s.
Homeopathic Medicines used by Homeopathic Doctors in treatment of Personality Disorders?
Homoeoparhic Medicines For Personality Disorder
- Calcarea carbonica
- Ignatia Amara
- Naja
- Apis
- Hyoscyamus
- Lachesis