Overview
Epidemiology
Causes
Types
Risk Factors
Pathogenesis
Pathophysiology
Clinical Features
Sign & Symptoms
Clinical Examination
Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis
Complications
Investigations
Treatment
Prevention
Homeopathic Treatment
Diet & Regimen
Do’s and Don'ts
Terminology
References
Also Search As
Overview
Overview of Dengue fever
- Generally, It is endemic in Asia, the Pacific, Africa and the Americas
- Furthermore, Approximately 50 million infections occur annually and dengue is the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral illness.
- The principal vector is the mosquito Aedes aegypti, which breeds in standing water, collections of water in containers, water-based air coolers also tire dumps are a good environment for the vector in large cities.
- In detail, Aedes albopictus is a vector in some South-east Asian countries.
- There are four serotypes of dengue virus, all producing a similar clinical syndrome, type-specific immunity is life-long, but immunity against the other serotypes lasts only a few months.
- Besides this, Dengue hemorrhagic fever (in other words, DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS) occur in individuals who are immune to one dengue virus serotype and are then infected with another.
- All in all, Prior immunity results in increased uptake of virus by cells expressing the antibody Fc receptor and increased T-cell activation with resultant cytokine release, causing capillary leak and disseminated intravascular coagulation. (1)
Epidemiology
Epidemiology of Dengue Fever
Dengue fever is a significant public health concern in India, with all four serotypes (DENV-1 to DENV-4) of the virus circulating in the country. The epidemiology of dengue in India is complex and varies across different regions and seasons.
Prevalence: A systematic review and meta-analysis published in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases in 2018 estimated that the overall prevalence of laboratory-confirmed dengue infection among clinically suspected patients in India was 38.3%. The seroprevalence in the general population was estimated to be 56.9%.
Incidence: The incidence of dengue in India has been increasing in recent years, with more than 100,000 infections and 200-400 deaths occurring annually. In 2017, there was a major dengue epidemic with 188,401 infections and 325 deaths reported.
Distribution: Dengue is endemic in almost all states of India, but the disease burden is particularly high in urban areas and during the monsoon season. States like Delhi, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal have reported a large number of dengue cases.
Risk Factors: Factors contributing to the high burden of dengue in India include rapid urbanization, inadequate sanitation, and the presence of mosquito breeding sites. Climate change and increased international travel also play a role in the spread of dengue.[7][8][9]
Causes
Types
Types of Dengue Fever
The type of dengue fever in this case of viral disease specifically means the kind of causative agent that is infecting the person.
The virus that causes this kind of viral disease belongs to the family named Flaviviridae. This Flaviviridae family of the viruses basically has 4 serotypes. The kind of serotype that infects the person basically indicates the type of dengue that infected person is having. The four serotypes of this kind of virus family that is responsible for causing this kind of viral infection are listed below :
- DENV – 1
- DENV – 2
- DENV – 3
- DENV – 4
These are the major serotypes that are responsible for causing this kind of viral infection. (6)
Risk Factors
Risk factor
People who live in or travel to high-risk areas including:
- Indonesian archipelago into northeastern Australia
- South and Central America
- Southeast Asia
- Sub-Saharan Africa
- The risk of severe disease from secondary infection actually increases if someone previously exposed to serotype DENV-1 contracts serotype DENV-2 or DENV-3, or if someone previously exposed to DENV-3 acquires DENV-2.
- Severe disease is more common in babies and young children,
- Risk factors for severe disease include female sex, high body mass index, and viral load
- Polymorphisms in particular genes have been linked with an increased risk of severe dengue complications.
- Dengue can be life-threatening in people with chronic diseases such as diabetes and asthma. (5)
Pathogenesis
Pathogenesis of Dengue Fever
Dengue virus (DENV) infection can result in a spectrum of clinical manifestations, ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe dengue, which includes dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). The pathogenesis of dengue fever is complex and involves multiple factors, including viral virulence, host immune response, and antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE).
Viral Entry and Replication: DENV enters the host through the bite of an infected Aedes mosquito. The virus primarily infects monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Upon entry, DENV replicates within these cells, leading to viremia.
Immune Response: The host immune system responds to DENV infection by producing cytokines and chemokines, which initiate an inflammatory response. This response can help control viral replication but can also contribute to the development of severe dengue.
Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE): In individuals previously infected with a different DENV serotype, pre-existing antibodies can enhance the uptake of the virus into target cells. This phenomenon, known as ADE, can lead to increased viral replication and a more severe clinical course.
Vascular Leakage and Hemorrhage: In severe dengue, there is increased vascular permeability, leading to plasma leakage and hemoconcentration. This can result in DHF, characterized by thrombocytopenia, hemorrhagic manifestations, and organ dysfunction. DSS can occur if severe plasma leakage leads to shock.[10]
Pathophysiology
Pathophysiology of Dengue fever
- Dengue virus infects blood monocytes, lymphocytes also endothelial cells.
- These initiates complement activation also consumptive coagulopathy including thrombocytopenia.
- The entire process takes place rapidly also may evolve over a period of a few hours.
- If patient is treated appropriately at this stage, there is rapid also dramatic recovery. (3)
But in untreated cases, dengue shock syndrome develops and death occurs. (3)
Clinical Features
Clinical Features
The clinical features of dengue fever are diverse and can vary depending on the severity of the disease. The majority of dengue infections are asymptomatic or result in mild illness, while a small proportion can progress to severe dengue with life-threatening complications.
Typical Dengue Fever:
- Sudden onset of high fever: Often reaching 40°C (104°F)
- Severe headache: Usually frontal or retro-orbital
- Myalgia and arthralgia: Muscle and joint pain, often severe and described as "breakbone fever"
- Rash: Maculopapular or petechial rash, appearing 2-5 days after fever onset
- Nausea, vomiting, and anorexia: Loss of appetite
- Other: Fatigue, lymphadenopathy, and mild hemorrhagic manifestations (e.g., petechiae, gum bleeding)
Severe Dengue (Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome):
- Plasma leakage: Leading to pleural effusion, ascites, and hemoconcentration
- Severe thrombocytopenia: Low platelet count
- Hemorrhagic manifestations: Bleeding from the gums, nose, gastrointestinal tract, or injection sites
- Organ impairment: Liver damage, encephalopathy, and myocardial dysfunction
- Shock: Dengue shock syndrome, characterized by hypotension and narrow pulse pressure[10]
Sign & Symptoms
Sign & Symptoms of Dengue fever
Incubation period i.e.:
- 2–7 days
Prodrome i.e.:
- 2 days of malaise and headache
Acute onset i.e.:
- Fever, backache, arthralgias, headache, generalized pains (‘break-bone fever’), pain on eye movement, lacrimation, scleral injection, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, pharyngitis, upper respiratory tract symptoms, relative bradycardia, prostration, depression, hyperesthesia, dysgeusia, lymphadenopathy
Fever i.e.:
- Continuous or ‘saddle-back’, with break on 4th or 5th day and then recrudescence; usually lasts 7–8 days
Rash i.e.:
- Initial flushing faint macular rash in first 1–2 days. Maculopapular, scarlet morbilliform blanching rash from days 3–5 on trunk, spreading centrifugally and sparing palms and soles, onset often with fever defervescence. May desquamate on resolution or give rise to petechiae on extensor surfaces.
Convalescene i.e.:
- Slow and may be associated with prolonged fatigue syndrome, arthralgia or depression.
Complications i.e.:
Clinical Examination
Clinical examination of Dengue Fever
Pulse and Blood Pressure
Tachycardia, postural hypotension, a narrow pulse pressure (<20 mm Hg) and / or frank hypotension could indicate intravascular volume depletion due to either dehydration or capillary leak. The presence of any of the above is a warning sign of severe disease, and the patient should be hospitalized for observation.
Urine Output
If the patient is not urinating at least every 6 hours, this may reflect intravascular volume depletion due to capillary leak, and the patient should be observed for the development of severe disease.
Skin
If the patient has poor perfusion, the skin may be cold and clammy.
Erythema of face, maculopapular rash and Petechiae may be present. The tourniquet test can used to elicit petechia. A blood pressure cuff is applied and inflated to a point between the systolic and diastolic blood pressures for five minutes. The test is positive if there are more than 20 petechiae per square inch
Mental Status
Lethargy and restlessness are warning signs that the patient should be monitored for the development of severe disease.
HEENT
- Mucosal bleeding is a warning sign that the patient may have thrombocytopenia and should be monitored for the development of severe disease.
- Pharyngeal inflammation
- Retinal hemorrhage may occur.
Lungs
- Pleural effusion is a warning sign the capillary leak may be occurring, and that the patient should be monitored for the development of severe disease.
Abdomen
- Abdominal pain or tenderness are warning signs and the patient should be monitored for the development of severe disease.
- Liver enlargement >2 cm is a warning signs and the patient should be monitored for the development of severe disease.
- Ascites is a warning sign, and the patient should be monitored for the development of severe disease.
Extremities
- Pedal edema or evidence of fluid accumulation is a warning sign, and the patient should be monitored for the development of severe disease.(5)
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of Dengue fever
- In endemic areas, mild dengue must be distinguished from other viral infections.
- The WHO recently revised its clinical classification of dengue and is evaluating the usefulness of these categories in guiding diagnosis and treatment.
- The diagnosis can be confirmed by seroconversion of IgM or a fourfold rise in IgG antibody titers.
- Serological tests may detect cross-reacting antibodies against other flaviviruses, including yellow fever vaccine.
- IgM/IgG ratios may be used to distinguish primary from secondary infection.
- Isolation of dengue virus from blood or detection of dengue virus RNA by PCR is available in specialist laboratories.
- Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (in other words, ELISA) kits to detect the NS1 viral antigen, although less sensitive than PCR, are becoming more widely available in endemic areas.(1)
Differential Diagnosis
Differential Diagnosis of Dengue fever
- Dengue fever is suspected in patients in endemic areas if they develop sudden fever, headache, myalgias, also adenopathy, particularly with the characteristic rash or recurrent fever.
- Evaluation should rule out alternative diagnoses, especially malaria and leptospirosis.
- Diagnostic studies include serologic testing, antigen detection, also PCR of blood.
- Serologic testing involves hemagglutination inhibiting or complement fixation tests using paired sera, but cross-reactions with other flavivirus antibodies are possible.
- Antigen detection is available in some parts of the world (not in the US), and PCR is usually done only in laboratories with special expertise.
- Although rarely done and difficult, cultures can be done using mosquitoes or specialized cell lines in specialized laboratories. (2)
Complications
Complications
While most cases of dengue fever are mild and self-limiting, a small percentage of patients can develop severe complications. These complications can be life-threatening and require prompt medical attention.
Common Complications of Dengue Fever:
- Plasma leakage: This is a hallmark of severe dengue and can lead to shock (dengue shock syndrome) if not treated promptly.
- Hemorrhage: Severe dengue can cause bleeding from various sites, including the gums, nose, gastrointestinal tract, and skin.
- Organ dysfunction: Dengue can affect multiple organs, including the liver, heart, and brain. Liver failure, encephalopathy, and myocarditis are rare but serious complications.
- Thrombocytopenia: Low platelet count is common in dengue and can contribute to bleeding complications.
- Other: Rare complications include acute kidney injury, pancreatitis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome.[10]
Investigations
Treatment
Prevention
Homeopathic Treatment
Homeopathic Treatment of Dengue fever
Homeopathy treats the person as a whole. It means that homeopathic treatment focuses on the patient as a person, as well as his pathological condition. The homeopathic medicines selected after a full individualizing examination and case-analysis.
which includes
- The medical history of the patient,
- Physical and mental constitution,
- Family history,
- Presenting symptoms,
- Underlying pathology,
- Possible causative factors etc.
A miasmatic tendency (predisposition/susceptibility) also often taken into account for the treatment of chronic conditions.
What Homoeopathic doctors do?
A homeopathy doctor tries to treat more than just the presenting symptoms. The focus is usually on what caused the disease condition? Why ‘this patient’ is sick ‘this way’?.
The disease diagnosis is important but in homeopathy, the cause of disease not just probed to the level of bacteria and viruses. Other factors like mental, emotional and physical stress that could predispose a person to illness also looked for. No a days, even modern medicine also considers a large number of diseases as psychosomatic. The correct homeopathy remedy tries to correct this disease predisposition.
The focus is not on curing the disease but to cure the person who is sick, to restore the health. If a disease pathology not very advanced, homeopathy remedies do give a hope for cure but even in incurable cases, the quality of life can greatly improved with homeopathic medicines.
Homeopathic Medicines for Dengue fever:
The homeopathic remedies (medicines) given below indicate the therapeutic affinity but this is not a complete and definite guide to the homeopathy treatment of this condition. The symptoms listed against each homeopathic remedy may not be directly related to this disease because in homeopathy general symptoms and constitutional indications also taken into account for selecting a remedy, potency and repetition of dose by Homeopathic doctor.
So, here we describe homeopathic medicine only for reference and education purpose. Do not take medicines without consulting registered homeopathic doctor (BHMS or M.D. Homeopath).
Medicines:
Eupatorium Perfoliatum
- The leading characteristic is violent aching, bone breaking pains.
- Aching of bones also soreness of muscles of the lower limbs.
- Either Thirst or nausea, then violent shaking chill; begins in the small of the back.
- Bitter vomiting especially after chill or during heat.
- Burning heat.
- Sweat; additionally relieves all the symptoms except the headache.
- Sweat scanty
- Patient is restless, chilly also nauseated. (4)
Belladona
- Basically, High fever with comparative absence of toxaemia.
- Internal coldness, with external pungent, burning, steaming heat.
- Hot Head, with cold limbs.
- Skin hot, but moist also dry alternately.
- No thirst with fever
- Fulness, Congestion especially to head and swelling are other characteristic features.
- Lastly, Pain is throbbing, sharp, cutting, shooting, or clawing, of maddening severity, coming and going in repeated attacks. (4)
Rhus Tox
- Easily chilled aggravation least uncovering; additionally with pain in limbs.
- Chill as if dashed with either cold water or cold water in the veins; preceded by cough, alternating with heat.
- Chill in single parts.
- Heat, with busy delirium.
- Sweat, agg. during also pain, with sleepiness.
- Urticaria during fever.
- Wants to yawn and stretch during chill.
- Awakes either tired or nervous.
- Lastly, Dreams, of great exertion, of blood, or fire (4)
Bryonia Alba
- Chill with hot head and red face, agg. warm room.
- Dry burning heat, with agg. of all the symptoms.
- Blood seems hot.
- Painful continued fevers.
- Sweat, either sour or oily (4)
Aconite
- Chill passes through him in waves.
- Either Chill or coldness alternating with heat.
- High fever; in detail dry burning heat; in eyelids, nose, mouth, throat, lungs and palms, must uncover.
- Sweat drenching, wants to uncover.
- Sweat on uncovered parts or affected parts
- Complaints caused specifically by exposure to cold, dry weather, especially respiratory affections. (4)
Gelsemium
- Chill with aching also languor, mixed with heat or alternating with heat, chill up and down back.
- Cold hands and feet.
- Heat, with drowsiness.
- Thirst absent; additionally with trembling.
- Cold sweat.
- Bilious remittent; malarial; typhoid; cerebro-spinal fevers. Measles.
- Nervous, shuddering, chill; preceded by visual disturbances. (4)
Arsenic Album
- Externally cold, with internal burning heat.
- Coldness; in spots.
- Sensitive to cold, yet amel. in open air.
- Chills irregular, shaking; craves hot drinks during chill; Dyspnoea during chill.
- Heat as of hot water in veins; or they burn like lines of fire.
- High fever, hectic fever.
- Sweat, with great thirst, Dyspnoea or exhaustion.
- Sweat cold.
- Waves of icy coldness in blood vessels or intense boiling heat.
- Intermittent fever, yellow fever(4)
Diet & Regimen
Do’s and Don'ts
Do’s & Don’ts
Dengue fever can range from a mild illness to a life-threatening condition. Knowing what to do and what to avoid can significantly impact recovery and prevent complications.
Do’s:
- Rest: Get plenty of rest to allow your body to fight the infection.
- Hydrate: Drink plenty of fluids, such as water, oral rehydration solutions, or clear soups, to prevent dehydration.
- Take pain relievers: Use acetaminophen (paracetamol) to relieve fever and pain. Avoid aspirin or ibuprofen, as they can increase the risk of bleeding.
- Monitor symptoms: Keep track of your symptoms and seek medical attention if they worsen or if new symptoms develop.
- Follow medical advice: Consult a doctor for diagnosis and treatment. Follow their instructions carefully.
Don’ts:
- Don’t self-medicate: Avoid taking antibiotics or any other medications without consulting a doctor.
- Don’t ignore warning signs: Seek immediate medical attention if you experience severe abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, bleeding, difficulty breathing, or change in mental status.
- Don’t take aspirin or ibuprofen: These medications can increase the risk of bleeding in dengue fever.
- Don’t travel: Avoid traveling to areas with dengue outbreaks.
- Don’t allow mosquito breeding: Eliminate stagnant water around your home to prevent mosquito breeding.[10]
Terminology
Terminology
Flavivirus:
A family of viruses that includes the dengue virus, as well as other viruses like Zika virus and West Nile virus.
Breakbone Fever:
A common synonym for dengue fever, referring to the severe muscle and joint pain experienced by many patients.
Dandy Fever:
An older, less common term for dengue fever.
Serotypes:
Distinct variations within a species of virus. There are four dengue virus serotypes (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4).
Vector:
An organism that transmits a disease-causing agent from one host to another. In the case of dengue fever, the mosquito Aedes aegypti is the primary vector.
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF):
A severe form of dengue fever characterized by plasma leakage, thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), and bleeding tendencies.
Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS):
A potentially fatal complication of dengue hemorrhagic fever characterized by shock (profoundly low blood pressure) due to fluid leakage from blood vessels.
Fc Receptor:
A protein found on the surface of certain immune cells that binds to the Fc portion of antibodies.
Cytokine:
A type of signaling molecule produced by immune cells that helps regulate the immune response.
Capillary Leak:
Leakage of fluid from blood vessels into surrounding tissues.
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC):
A serious condition in which blood clots form throughout the body, depleting clotting factors and leading to bleeding.
Malaise:
A general feeling of discomfort, illness, or uneasiness.
Arthralgias:
Scleral Injection:
Redness of the sclera (the white part of the eye).
Hyperesthesia:
Increased sensitivity to touch, pain, or other sensory stimuli.
Dysgeusia:
Distortion of the sense of taste.
Lymphadenopathy:
Swelling of lymph nodes.
Maculopapular Rash:
A type of rash characterized by flat, red spots (macules) and small, raised bumps (papules).
Morbilliform Rash:
A measles-like rash.
Desquamate:
Peeling or shedding of the skin.
Petechiae:
Tiny red or purple spots on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin.
Tachycardia:
Rapid heart rate.
Postural Hypotension:
A drop in blood pressure upon standing.
Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure:
The highest and lowest pressures in the arteries, respectively, during a cardiac cycle.
Dehydration:
A lack of water in the body.
Erythema:
Redness of the skin.Petechiae:
Tiny red or purple spots on the skin caused by bleeding under the skin.
Tourniquet Test:
A test used to assess capillary fragility by applying pressure to the arm with a blood pressure cuff and observing the appearance of petechiae.
Lethargy:
A state of tiredness, weakness, or lack of energy.
HEENT:
An abbreviation for Head, Eyes, Ears, Nose, and Throat.
Pleural Effusion:
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity (the space between the lungs and the chest wall).
Ascites:
Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity.
Pedal Edema:
Swelling of the feet and ankles.
Seroconversion:
The development of detectable antibodies in the blood after infection.
IgM and IgG:
Two types of antibodies produced by the immune system in response to infection.
PCR:
Polymerase Chain Reaction, a technique used to amplify DNA or RNA for diagnostic purposes.
ELISA:
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, a test that uses antibodies and color change to identify a substance.
Myalgias:
Muscle pain.
Adenopathy:
Swelling of lymph nodes.
Leukopenia:
Low white blood cell count.
References
References
- Merk Manual of Medicine
- Davidson’s Principles and practice of medicine
- Textbook of Pathology by Harsh Mohan
- Textbook of Homoeopathic materia medica by Dr. S.R. Phatak
- Dengue fever risk factors – wikidoc
- DENGUE : TYPES, STAGES, SYMPTOMS, CAUSES AND MORE (alkabirhealthcare.com)
Bhatt, S., Gething, P. W., Brady, O. J., Messina, J. P., Farlow, A. W., Moyes, C. L., … & Hay, S. I. (2013). The global distribution and burden of dengue. Nature, 496(7446), 504-507.
Dengue infection in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis. (2018). PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases, 12(8), e0006618.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme. (2021). Dengue situation in India. National Center for Vector Borne Diseases Control, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India.
- Gubler, D. J. (2011). Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever. In Tropical Infectious Diseases: Principles, Pathogens, and Practice (3rd ed., pp. 643-676). Saunders Elsevier.
Also Search As
Also Search As
Given that the article you’ve provided is primarily focused on homeopathic treatment of Dengue Fever, here are several ways to search for information within it:
1. Using the Table of Contents (Tab Content):
- The article conveniently lists all the sections under "Tab Content."
- Click on the specific section you’re interested in (e.g., "Homeopathic Treatment," "Causes," "Symptoms").
2. Keyword Search (Ctrl+F or Cmd+F):
- Press Ctrl+F (Windows) or Cmd+F (Mac) to open the search bar within your browser.
- Type in the specific word or phrase you’re looking for (e.g., "Eupatorium," "bleeding," "diet").
- The browser will highlight all instances of the keyword within the article.
3. Scanning Headings and Subheadings:
- Quickly glance through the main headings and subheadings to identify relevant sections.
- This is especially helpful if you have a general topic in mind (e.g., "Diagnosis," "Complications").
4. Utilizing the "Also Search As" and "FAQ" Sections:
- At the end of the article, there’s an "Also Search As" section which offers alternative terms for searching (e.g., if you’re interested in prevention, you could search for "Do’s and Don’ts").
- The "FAQ" section provides answers to common questions about dengue fever and its homeopathic treatment.
5. Note the "References" Section:
- If you’re looking for more in-depth information, check the "References" section at the end of the article.
- It lists the sources used to compile the information, which you can consult for further research.
By using these methods, you should be able to efficiently find the information you need within the article.
To search for information on Dengue Fever, people can use several methods:
1. Search Engines: Use Google, Bing, or other search engines. Simply type "Dengue Fever" into the search bar to find articles, research papers, and general information.
2. Medical Websites: Visit reputable medical websites such as:
– [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)](https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/)
– [World Health Organization (WHO)](https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue)
– [Mayo Clinic](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dengue–fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20353078)
3. Online Journals and Databases: Access scholarly articles through databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, or JSTOR.
4. Library Resources: Use online or physical libraries to access books and academic papers on dengue fever.
5. News Websites: For recent outbreaks or news, check major news websites like BBC, CNN, or Reuters.
6. Health Apps: Some mobile apps provide detailed information on diseases, including dengue fever.
7. Social Media and Forums: Platforms like Twitter, Reddit, and specialized health forums can provide personal stories, discussions, and recent developments.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What causes Dengue Fever?
- The causative agent, a flavivirus with 4 serogroups, is transmitted by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes.
- The virus circulates in the blood of infected humans for 2 to 7 days, Aedes mosquitoes may acquire the virus when they feed on humans during this period.
How can Dengue Fever be prevented?
Prevention
Prevention includes avoiding mosquito bites by using insect repellent, wearing long-sleeved clothing, and ensuring proper environmental management to reduce mosquito breeding sites.
Is there a vaccine for Dengue Fever?
Yes,
there is a vaccine called Dengvaxia, but it is only recommended for individuals who have had a previous dengue infection and live in endemic areas due to potential risks associated with the vaccine.
